The preferred viewing location in top-to-bottom sentence reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L Johnson ◽  
Emma L Starr
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
Normal Sentence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tracking Direction

The preferred viewing location (PVL) is a robust finding in research on reading that when fixating on a word during normal sentence reading, readers tend to land slightly to the left of the center of the word. This is in contrast to the optimal viewing location in single word recognition, which falls at the center of the word. This study outlines the history of the PVL in eye tracking since Rayner’s 1979 original study, documenting the origins of the conflicting theoretical explanations. In addition, a new study is reported examining whether the PVL can be attributed solely to oculomotor error or a processing advantage by using an experimental manipulation that separates tracking direction (left-to-right reading) and landing position (left-to-right within a word). Sentences were presented to participants from the top to the bottom of a computer screen with one word per line while eye movements were recorded. In this presentation format, readers continued to land to the left of center, suggesting that the PVL in normal reading is not solely due to oculomotor error.

Roshdi Rashed

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 279-295
Author(s):  
Mohammed Aref
Keyword(s):  
Review Essay ◽  
Great Book ◽  
Mathematical Language ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Galileo Galilei ◽  
Elementary Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe

This review essay introduces the work of the Egyptian scientific historian and philosopher Roshdi Rashed, a pioneer in the field of the history of Arab sciences. The article is based on the five volumes he originally wrote in French and later translated into Arabic, which were published by the Centre for Arab Unity Studies and which are now widely acclaimed as a unique effort to unveil the achievements of Arab scientists. The essay reviews this major work, which seems, like Plato’s Republic to have “No Entry for Those Who Have No Knowledge of Mathematics” written on its gate. If you force your way in, even with elementary knowledge of computation, a philosophy will unfold before your eyes, described by the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei as “written in that great book which ever lies before our eyes—I mean the universe—but we cannot understand it if we do not first learn the language and grasp the symbols, in which it is written. This book is written in the mathematical language, and the symbols are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without whose help it is impossible to comprehend a single word of it; without which one wanders in vain through a dark labyrinth.” The essay is a journey through this labyrinth where the history of world mathematics got lost and was chronicled by Rashed in five volumes translated from the French into Arabic. It took him fifteen years to complete.

Synonyms in musical terminology (on the material of Dictionary of Musical Terms (Project) published in 1930

2019 ◽  
pp. 326-334
Author(s):  
Iryna Samoilova
Keyword(s):  
Church Music ◽  
Slavic Language ◽  
Single Word ◽  
History Of

The article discusses the synonymous lines of the Ukrainian terms on the material of Dictionary of Musical Terms (Project) published in 1930. Scientists fix musical vocabulary in the monuments of the Old East Slavic language. But the formation of the actual Ukrainian scientific musical terminology is associated with the 16th – 18th centuries. Dictionary of Musical Terms (Project) published in 1930 is the first collection of the Ukrainian musical terms. The dictionary contains terms on the theory and history of music, harmony, instrumentation, musical pedagogy, old church music. The Dictionary body consists of four sections. In the Russian-Ukrainian section of the dictionary, the Ukrainian equivalents are most fully represented. Foreign terms and national terms may correspond to one Russian heading term. Both single-word equivalents and term combinations can correspond to the dictionary heading single-word term. In the article, groups of synonymous lines were selected, which consist of national terms or combination of national and foreign terms. If to consider their structure, synonymous lines are formed by single-word terms, term combinations, single-word terms and term combinations. The Ukrainian terms are extracted from 43 sources: dictionaries, magazines, works of composers, musicologists and folklorists. Many terms are characterized by reduction of source. Of particular interest are the neoplasms represented in the dictionary. The neoplasms are marked by letter N.

Review of John R. Levison's, Filled with the Spirit Part III, Early Christian Literature Chapter 3, 'Filled with the Spirit and the Book of Acts'

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-206
Author(s):  
Roger Stronstad
Keyword(s):  
Original Study ◽  
Speaking In Tongues ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Literature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Book Of Acts

Abstract Filled with the Spirit by John R. Levison is a highly original study of this theme in Israelite, Jewish, and early Christian literature. The following response to Levison's book focuses on Part III, Early Christian Literature, section 3, 'Filled with the Spirit and the Book of Acts' (pp 317365). Levison organizes his discussion under the topics, 'The Salience of a Slave-Girl', 'The Allure of Ecstasy at Pentecost', 'Speaking in Tongues', and 'Spirit and the Inspired Interpretation of Scripture'. Levison's methodology is a combination of a history of religions approach, intertextuality, and contextual exposition. According to the reviewer's assessment, Levison's approach to the subject paganizes those experiences which Luke portrays to be uniquely Judeo-Christian, profanes what Luke portrays to be an awe-inspiring sacred marvel, and humanizes what Luke portrays to be the mysterious or luminous tangible experiences of the Spirit.

scholarly journals Review of: Essays on the philosophy of Spinoza St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the Russian Academy of Fine Arts, 2018. 200 p. ISBN 978-5-88812-899-2

2021 ◽  
pp. 328-334
Author(s):  
Андрей Валентинович Лаврентьев
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
State University ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
History Of

Книга «Очерки по философии Спинозы» представляет собой оригинальное исследование монистической концепции выдающегося западноевропейского философа Нового времени, осуществлённое в компаративном ракурсе вовлечения его идей в контекст еврейской (преимущественно средневековой) философии. Автор монографии - российский историк, востоковед и гебраист Игорь Романович Тантлевский, профессор и заведующий кафедрой еврейской культуры СПбГУ, директор международного Центра библеистики, гебраистики и иудаики при философском факультете СПбГУ, известный любителю библейских исследований своими монографиями «Введение в Пятикнижие» (2000 г.)1, «Загадки рукописей Мёртвого моря» (2011 г.)2, а также рядом работ по истории Древнего Израиля и Иудеи. The book "Essays on the Philosophy of Spinoza" is an original study of the monistic concept of the outstanding Western European philosopher of the New Age, carried out in the comparative perspective of the involvement of his ideas in the context of Jewish (mostly medieval) philosophy. The author of the monograph is Igor Romanovich Tantlevsky, a Russian historian, orientalist and gebraist, Professor and Head of the Department of Jewish Culture at St. Petersburg State University, Director of the International Center for Biblical, Gebraystic and Jewish Studies at the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University, known to Biblical Studies enthusiasts for his monographs "Introduction to the Pentateuch" (2000). The author is well known to biblical scholarship enthusiasts for his monographs Introduction to the Pentateuch (2000),1 Enigmas of the Dead Sea Manuscripts (2011),2 as well as several works on the history of ancient Israel and Judea.

Automated Speech Rate Measurement in Dysarthria

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 698-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Martens ◽  
Tomas Dekens ◽  
Gwen Van Nuffelen ◽  
Lukas Latacz ◽  
Werner Verhelst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Rate ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Speech Impairment ◽  
Algorithm Optimization ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dysarthric Speech

Purpose In this study, a new algorithm for automated determination of speech rate (SR) in dysarthric speech is evaluated. We investigated how reliably the algorithm calculates the SR of dysarthric speech samples when compared with calculation performed by speech-language pathologists. Method The new algorithm was trained and tested using Dutch speech samples of 36 speakers with no history of speech impairment and 40 speakers with mild to moderate dysarthria. We tested the algorithm under various conditions: according to speech task type (sentence reading, passage reading, and storytelling) and algorithm optimization method (speaker group optimization and individual speaker optimization). Correlations between automated and human SR determination were calculated for each condition. Results High correlations between automated and human SR determination were found in the various testing conditions. Conclusions The new algorithm measures SR in a sufficiently reliable manner. It is currently being integrated in a clinical software tool for assessing and managing prosody in dysarthric speech. Further research is needed to fine-tune the algorithm to severely dysarthric speech, to make the algorithm less sensitive to background noise, and to evaluate how the algorithm deals with syllabic consonants.

scholarly journals Modeling Memory: Exploring the Relationship Between Word Overlap and Single Word Norms when Predicting Relatedness Judgments and Retrieval

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Maxwell ◽  
Erin Michelle Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Recall Performance ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Cued Recall ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Recall Accuracy ◽  
Word Norms ◽  
Interactive Relationship ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the interactive relationship between semantic, thematic, and associative word pair strength in the prediction of item relatedness judgments and cued-recall performance. Previously, we found significant three-way interactions between associative, semantic, thematic word overlap when predicting participant judgment strength and recall performance (Maxwell & Buchanan, 2018), expanding upon previous work by Maki (2007). In this study, we first seek to replicate findings from the original study using a novel stimuli set. Second, this study will further explore the nature of the structure of memory, by investigating the effects of single concept information (i.e., word frequency, concreteness, etc.) on relatedness judgments and recall accuracy. We hypothesize that associative, semantic, and thematic memory networks are interactive in their relationship to judgments and recall, even after controlling for base rates of single concept information, implying a set of interdependent memory systems used for both cognitive processes.

scholarly journals To the question of the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου in economic inscriptions of Ai-Khanoum

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ivan Korovchinskiy
Keyword(s):  
Economic History ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Hellenistic World ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
World Economic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
First Time ◽  
Written Sources

The subject of this research is the inscriptions 117 and 119 from Ai-Khanoum (Greco-Bactria, II century BC) according to numeration Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum (Part 2, Volume 1). It is very likely that they represent two copies of the same text, which survived in two variations. The goal of this work is to determine the meaning of words τοῦ ἡμιολίου appearing in these inscriptions, as well as the overall meaning of the inscriptions, the understanding of which depends on interpretation of these words. Relevance of such research is substantiated by the fact that the survived written sources on the economy of Greco-Bactria are extremely brief and fragmentary, therefore every single word matters for the scholars. The comparison of inscriptions of Al-Khanoum with the papyri of Zenon Archive is carried out for the first time. The papyri under consideration contain a range of textual parallels with the reviewed Greco-Bactrian inscriptions. It is concluded that based on the analogies from the mentioned Egyptian texts, the words τοῦ ἡμιολίου (verbatim “one and a half” in the genitive) are direct object to the words ἀπὸ κεραμίων δύο (“out of two amphorae”) and indicate pouring olive oil over from one amphora and half of another amphora. The author provides a new translation of the unified text of inscriptions 117 and 118. The field of application of the presented materials is the source studies of ancient world, economic history of Greco-Bactria, Hellenistic world and ancient world.

scholarly journals Glimpses Into the History of Interlingual Simultaneous Theater Interpreting in Estonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-185
Author(s):  
Karin Sibul
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Simultaneous Interpretation ◽  
Language Interpretation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theater Performances ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Scholarly Attention

This paper examines the practice of simultaneous interpretation of theater performances, in particular between Estonian and Russian, in Estonia over 70 years. This type of interpreting has not received much scholarly attention; rather, studies have mostly focused on the sign language interpretation of theater performances for the deaf community. I conducted interdisciplinary historical research relying on the oral history method to help preserve the fast-disappearing oral heritage of theater interpreting. This paper distinguishes between two periods in theater interpreting in Estonia, as determined by two drastically different sociopolitical periods in Estonia’s history. Drawing upon a total of 88 interviews with interpreters, people who recruited interpreters, and audience members, I identified and interviewed a total of 15 theater interpreters. I also analysed newspaper articles and performance schedules, which usually yielded single-word mentions of interpretation having taken place. This paper examines answers to the questions of who interpreted what, how, and when, and reaches the conclusion that theater interpreting can be a tool to bridge a gap between two communities as well as to facilitate integration in the same cultural space.

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