Design and Application of English Grammar Error Correction System Based on Deep Learning

In order to solve the problems of low correction accuracy and long correction time in the traditional English grammar error correction system, an English grammar error correction system based on deep learning is designed in this paper. This method analyzes the business requirements and functions of the English grammar error correction system and then designs the overall architecture of the system according to the analysis results, including English grammar error correction module, service access module, and feedback filtering module. The multilayer feedforward neural network is used to construct the language model to judge whether the language sequence is a normal sentence, so as to complete the correction of English grammatical errors. The experimental results show that the designed system has high accuracy and fast speed in correcting English grammatical errors.

An Analysis of Commissive Speech Act Used by The Shopping Hosts of MNC Shop

This research focuses on the use of commissive speech act used by the shopping hosts of MNC Shop. The source of data is taken from the advertisements of household appliances, such as frying pan, rice cooker, vacuum cleaner, etc which are broadcasted in December 2018. The purposes of the research are to identify and to explain the form and the pattern as well as the function of the commissive speech acts used by the shopping hosts. This research uses qualitative approach. The data are collected by using observational method followed by recording and note-taking technique. Then, the data are analyzed by using pragmatic identity method and distributional method with deletion and permutation technique. The theory of form and pattern of the commissive speech act are based on Alwi’s and Putrayasa’s theory. Meanwhile the theory of its function is taken from Yule’s and Ibrahim’s theory. From the analysis, it is found that the commissive speech acts in the advertisement can be uttered in the form of declarative, interrogative and exclamative. The pattern can be in the form of normal sentence (subject preceding the predicate then followed by the object) or in the form of inverted sentence (the inversion of normal pattern) which the predicate preceding the subject, etc. In terms of its functions, the commissive speech acts can be used to promise, to guarantee and to convince.

Ka a Temporal Prefix in Mardini Arabic Derived from the Verb Kana (To Be)

Grammaticalization is usually thought of as that subset of linguistic changes through which a lexical item in certain uses becomes a grammatical item, or through which a grammatical item becomes more grammatical (Hopper- Traugott, 2). This paper is an attempt to present this phenomenon, showing the results of our investigation on the development of the temporal marker in Mardini Arabic (spoken in Mardin province situated in Southern Turkey) from lexical items (kan-to be) into grammatical prefix (ka). This prefix is attached to the extratem- poral forms of the verb (imperfective and perfective). The verb kana (to be) existent both in standard Arabic and in all the Arabic dialects, has syntactically the role of a temporal marker that changes the tem- poral situation of a normal sentence (without kana). When the verb kana modi- fies a verbal sentence, both kana and the verb that follows it, independently take all the marks of conjugation (aspect, mood, person, gender and number). Hence, we realize that kana is not an auxiliary verb and the Arabic language does not have compound tense forms.

The syntax of two types of sluicing in Tamil

Recent analyses of sluicing focus on the underlying structure of the sluiced clause, i.e. sluicing as deriving from full-fledged wh-questions, or from reduced clefts (Ross 1969, Guess who? In Robert I. Binnick, Alice Davison, Georgia M. Green & Jerry L. Morgan (eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, 252–286. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago; Merchant 2001, The syntax of silence. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press; Craenenbroeck, Jeroen van. 2010b. The syntax of ellipsis: Evidence from Dutch dialects. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press., inter alia). In this paper, we investigate two sluicing strategies in Spoken Tamil, namely case-marked (CM) and non-case-marked (NCM) sluicing. In addition to the morphological distinction with respect to the presence/absence of grammatical case on the wh-sluice, we argue that the two types of sluicing differ in the configuration of the underlying embedded CP. For CM sluicing, the sluiced clause is derived from a full-fledged interrogative CP at the underlying level, whereas the bare wh-sluice undergoes leftward wh-scrambling to the CP-initial position followed by TP-domain deletion at PF. While we contend that most A/A’-diagnostics are uninformative of the type of operation wh-scrambling in Tamil involves (contra Sarma 2003, Non-Canonical word order: Topic and focus in adult and child tamil. In Karimi Simin (eds.), Word order and scrambling, 238–272. Malden, Oxford: Blackwell), various properties of the CM wh-sluice (e.g. scope, negation, adverb placement, multiple sluicing) can still be described by postulating that the wh-sluice involves A’-scrambling. For the second type of sluicing (NCM sluicing), the sluiced clause involves a biclausal structure formed by a normal sentence and a null copular question. We claim that the NCM wh-sluice is derived from Spad (Sluicing Plus A Demonstrative), since the null copular question can be accompanied by a demonstrative, cf. English ‘John met someone, who is that?’ and Dutch spading (Van Craenenbroeck 2010b). Spad is not derived from a full-fledged interrogative CP, and therefore its wh-sluice does not involve any scrambling operation. The present analysis of Tamil sluicing refutes the claim that reduced clefts are one underlying sluicing source in Dravidian languages, and moreover invites an inquiry of whether Dravidian as a language family in the historical sense always receives a homogeneous analysis, given the immense parametric variation among branch languages. In the same vein, we contend that any claim about the ‘principles’ of Dravidian syntax must be supported by strong cross-linguistic evidence at the microscopic level.

The preferred viewing location in top-to-bottom sentence reading

The preferred viewing location (PVL) is a robust finding in research on reading that when fixating on a word during normal sentence reading, readers tend to land slightly to the left of the center of the word. This is in contrast to the optimal viewing location in single word recognition, which falls at the center of the word. This study outlines the history of the PVL in eye tracking since Rayner’s 1979 original study, documenting the origins of the conflicting theoretical explanations. In addition, a new study is reported examining whether the PVL can be attributed solely to oculomotor error or a processing advantage by using an experimental manipulation that separates tracking direction (left-to-right reading) and landing position (left-to-right within a word). Sentences were presented to participants from the top to the bottom of a computer screen with one word per line while eye movements were recorded. In this presentation format, readers continued to land to the left of center, suggesting that the PVL in normal reading is not solely due to oculomotor error.

W-Wort-Verdoppelung im Schweizerdeutschen

In some Swiss German dialects, wh-questions can show the wh-word at the end of the sentence in addition to its 'normal' sentence initial position. This phenomenon called wh-doubling raises some puzzling questions for linguistic theories, such as: what kind of processes are involved in wh-doubling (syntactic, phonological)? Does wh-doubling enrich the poor left periphery of Swiss German? Why do speakers use an additional wh-word that seems to be absolutely superfluous? I will argue that wh-doubling depends on the information structure of the question, more specifically on the function of the wh-word as a focus constituent. Wh-doubling is also used in a special type of rhetorical questions in Swiss High German where in addition to doubling wh-words undergo diminutive formation and reduplication. My paper pursues two main goals: (i) to give a detailed description of wh-doubling constructions with regard to geographical distribution and question type (rhetorical, alternative, echo etc.); (ii) to present syntactic analyses of similar wh-doubling phenomena in other languages considering their application to Swiss German data.

Final Lowering in Kipare

In many languages, fundamental frequency shows a marked decrease utterance-finally or phrase-finally. Ladefoged (1982) generalises that ‘in nearly all languages the completion of a grammatical unit such as a normal sentence is signaled by a falling pitch’. Bolinger (1978) also writes that ‘the most widely diffused intonational phenomenon seems to be the tendency to “go down at the end”’. These sorts of abrupt decreases which affect only the end of the utterance (known as FINAL LOWERING) are distinct from gradual decreases in fundamental frequency over the course of the entire utterance (known as DECLINATION). Bolinger (1978) notes the same distinction, characterising it as the difference between ‘a rapid downward motion at the very end, usually if not always associated with a terminal accent’ and ‘downward drift from a high beginning’. Final lowering as distinct from declination is documented in Japanese by Poser (1984) and by Pierrehumbert & Beckman (1988); in English by Liberman & Pierrehumbert (1984); in Dutch by Gussenhoven & Rietveld (1988); in Danish by Thorsen (1985); in Yoruba by Connell & Ladd (1990) and by Laniran (1992); and in Kikuyu by Clements & Ford (1981) (although not all authors use the exact terminology presented here).Analyses of final lowering range from attributing final lowering to changes in tonal categories (discussed below in §4) to attributing final lowering to compression of the pitch range in the last section of the sentence (discussed below in §5.1). Tone languages provide an interesting testing ground for analyses of final lowering. Careful experimental study, controlling for the position of a tone from the beginning and from the end of a sentence, is one way to begin to sort out the effects of various factors such as declination and final lowering on fundamental frequency.

Under stress: a functional explanation of English sentence stress

In this paper we argue that it is possible to account for sentential stress in English in terms of the pragmatic property of Dominance, which is assigned to a constituent in discourse contexts. We have shown elsewhere (Erteschik-Shir & Lappin, 1979) that constraints on extraction from syntactic islands, and conditions on certain rules of semantic interpretation are best formulated in terms of the notion of Dominance. In the first part of the paper we review our definition of Dominance and provide operational tests for discerning its presence. In part 2 of the paper we state a rule which assigns primary stress to the constituent of the sentence which is marked for Dominance. We illustrate the operation of this rule with examples of stress patterns which it generates. In part 3 we then compare our analysis of stress with various other proposals for dealing with this phenomenon which are current in the literature. In part 4 we defend the distinction between contrastive and non-contrastive stress, while rejecting the notion of normal sentence stress. We claim that contrastive stress is, in fact, an instance of a distinct set of stress patterns which we refer to as restrictive stress. The assignment of restrictive stress is not marked, but is independently conditioned by three pragmatic features. We characterize these features and formulate rules for the prediction of restrictive stress. We also discuss the relationship between Dominant and restrictive stress. Finally, in the last section of the paper we indicate how the occurrence of primary stress on pronouns and reflexives can be analysed within the framework of our theory.

Stoornissen in De Zinsvorm Bij Afasie

Aggrammatism is a disorder of sentence production which is typically observed in the context of Broca's aphasia. This paper does two things. First, a model of normal sentence production, proposed by Garrett (1975), is described and it is demonstrated how two phonological and two syntactic hypotheses of agrammatism can be deduced from this model. Three of these appear to correspond with hypotheses already proposed in the literature, while one of them - a syntactic one - is new. Second, a new experimental paradigm is described that seems to be capable of discriminating between at least a number of these approaches. The technique involves training patients to produce sentences of a particular form (e.g. the lion is able to kill, the child is anxious to drink) and then testing them on sentences of the same form but of a different underlying syntactic structure (e.g. the lion is easy to kill, the book is pleasant to read). Results obtained from American patients do not support a phonological type of approach to agrammatism. Furthermore, an analysis of errors appears to provide a basis for choosing between the two hypotheses.