scholarly journals CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS

1934 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walther F. Goebel ◽  
Frank H. Babers ◽  
Oswald T. Avery
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Immunological Properties ◽  
Serological Specificity

The chemical and immunological properties of the acetylated and unacetylated forms of the p-aminophenol ß-glucoside of glucose have been described. The serological specificity of these ß-glucosides in combination with protein has been correlated with known changes in chemical structure and has been compared with the immunological properties of the α-glucoside of the same hexose.

scholarly journals VARIATION IN THE GROUP-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

1955 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maclyn McCarty ◽  
Rebecca C. Lancefield
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Group A Streptococci ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Apparent Loss ◽  
Group A ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Serological Specificity

The phenomenon of apparent loss of group-specific carbohydrate in the course of mouse passage of group A streptococci has been subjected to further study, and several additional variants showing this property have been described. The loss of group reactivity is shown to be due to an alteration in the chemical structure and serological specificity of the cell wall carbohydrate. This alteration appears to be essentially the same in each of the variants available for study. The carbohydrate of the variant strains (V) contains the same two monosaccharide components as the group A carbohydrate (A), but they are present in different proportions. Precipitating sera reactive with V carbohydrate have been prepared, and the A and V carbohydrates have been compared by qualitative and quantitative precipitin analysis. A second type of variation has been encountered during mouse passage. This variation is characterized by the occurrence of a cell wall carbohydrate (I) intermediate in chemical and serological properties between the A and V carbohydrates. The I carbohydrate reacts with both A and V antisera and does not appear to be a simple mixture of A and V carbohydrate. Similarly, antisera against the intermediate strain contain antibodies reactive with both A and V carbohydrates, and evidence is presented indicating that in part this represents antibody with double specificity.

scholarly journals THE INHERITANCE OF THE PROTEIN AND NUCLEIC ACID CHARACTERISTICS OF T2 AND T6 BACTERIOPHAGE

1965 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margeris A. Jesaitis
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
Immunological Properties ◽  
Tail Fibers ◽  
Serological Specificity

A study of the immunological properties of phage strains derived from T2 x T6 crosses revealed that the majority of the progeny differ serologically from the parental viruses. Some hybrids were found to contain head membranes having the serological specificity of both T2 and T6 phages, while others contained tail sheaths of the former and the tail fibers of the latter. Since the immunological properties of all hybrids were heritable, it has been concluded that the serological specificity of the head proteins of T2 and T6 is controlled by at least two genetic determinants, and that the specificities of the fiber and sheath proteins may be governed by single genes. Furthermore it was found that nucleic acids of hybrids had similar proportions of unsubstituted, mono- and diglucosylated hydroxymethylcytosine nucleotides to the nucleic acid of either T2 or T6 phage. Since the parental and hybrid viruses having chemically similar nucleic acids contained in some instances serologically different proteins, it has also been concluded that the extent of glucosylation of the hydroxymethylcytosine component of viral nucleic acids and the immunological properties of viral proteins are independently heritable traits of T2 and T6 bacteriophages.

scholarly journals Professor Krystyna Kotełko and her contribution to the study of Proteus endotoxin

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
Antoni W Różalski
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Core Region ◽  
Uronic Acids ◽  
Specific Polysaccharide ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
Serological Specificity

Professor Krystyna Kotełko was working as a microbiologist at the University of Łódź (Poland). Her main object of study was the LPS (endotoxin) of opportunistic urinary pathogens from the genus Proteus. She demonstrated, for the first time, the presence of uronic acids and amino acids, as well as two heptoses (L- glycero-D- manno-heptose and D- glycero-D- manno-heptose) and hexosamines in Proteus LPS, and developed a classification scheme of the Proteus LPS into chemotypes. Prof Kotełko also initiated studies on the chemical structure of Proteus O-specific polysaccharide and investigations on the serological specificity of this part of LPS, as well its core region. She also analysed the virulence factors of these bacteria, such as haemolysin and invasiveness.

Inelastic Electron-Matter Interactions

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-267
Author(s):  
J. Silcox
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Inelastic Electron ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Unique Probe ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Elastic Processes ◽  
Experimental Level ◽  
Inelastic Processes

In this introductory paper, my primary concern will be in identifying and outlining the various types of inelastic processes resulting from the interaction of electrons with matter. Elastic processes are understood reasonably well at the present experimental level and can be regarded as giving information on spatial arrangements. We need not consider them here. Inelastic processes do contain information of considerable value which reflect the electronic and chemical structure of the sample. In combination with the spatial resolution of the electron microscope, a unique probe of materials is finally emerging (Hillier 1943, Watanabe 1955, Castaing and Henri 1962, Crewe 1966, Wittry, Ferrier and Cosslett 1969, Isaacson and Johnson 1975, Egerton, Rossouw and Whelan 1976, Kokubo and Iwatsuki 1976, Colliex, Cosslett, Leapman and Trebbia 1977). We first review some scattering terminology by way of background and to identify some of the more interesting and significant features of energy loss electrons and then go on to discuss examples of studies of the type of phenomena encountered. Finally we will comment on some of the experimental factors encountered.

Chemical structure of diamond-like carbon thin films

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-711
Author(s):  
N.-H. Cho ◽  
K.M. Krishnan ◽  
D.B. Bogy
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Diamond Like Carbon ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Sputtering Power ◽  
Data Aquisition ◽  
Equilibrium Phases ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Power Densities ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films have attracted much attention due to their useful properties and applications. These properties are quite variable depending on film preparation techniques and conditions, DLC is a metastable state formed from highly non-equilibrium phases during the condensation of ionized particles. The nature of the films is therefore strongly dependent on their particular chemical structures. In this study, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was used to investigate how the chemical bonding configurations of DLC films vary as a function of sputtering power densities. The electrical resistivity of the films was determined, and related to their chemical structure.DLC films with a thickness of about 300Å were prepared at 0.1, 1.1, 2.1, and 10.0 watts/cm2, respectively, on NaCl substrates by d.c. magnetron sputtering. EEL spectra were obtained from diamond, graphite, and the films using a JEOL 200 CX electron microscope operating at 200 kV. A Gatan parallel EEL spectrometer and a Kevex data aquisition system were used to analyze the energy distribution of transmitted electrons. The electrical resistivity of the films was measured by the four point probe method.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

Chemical structure of hyoscyamosides D and D1 - spirostanol glycosides from the seeds of Hyoscyamus niger L

Planta Medica ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (09) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Lunga ◽  
P Kintia ◽  
S Shvets ◽  
C Bassarello ◽  
S Piacente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Hyoscyamus Niger
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