3. The rise of “modern” childhoods

2018 ◽  
pp. 50-76
Author(s):  
James Marten
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Working Children ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Specific Definition

By the end of the nineteenth century Americans and western Europeans had arrived at a specific definition of a “modern” childhood, in which children could expect a number of things: that their childhood and youth would extend through adolescence, that their schooling would extend beyond a basic education, that many of their families’ social and economic resources would be devoted to their happiness and nurturing, and that they would increasingly be integrated into the developing consumer culture. “The rise of ‘modern’ childhoods” outlines the impact of the slave economy and colonization on childhood, working children and child exploitation during the industrial revolution, and how access to education became one of the hallmarks of a “modern” childhood.

scholarly journals The Conceptual Principles of Tax Planning of Enterprises in the Context of Fourth Industrial Revolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (519) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
Y. I. Hlushchenko ◽  
◽  
O. O. Korohodova ◽  
T. Y. Moiseienko ◽  
N. O. Chernenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Tax Planning ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

The authors disclose the essence of tax planning for domestic enterprises in the conditions of development of the economy in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Foreign experience as to approaches to interpretation of the phenomenon of «tax planning» is studied. It is substantiated that the existing modern approaches to the definition of the term of «tax planning» should be divided by the characteristics of purpose and subordination. The work contains a further elaboration of conceptual-categorical apparatus of taxation theory by closer defining of «tax planning», where, contrary to existing developments, it is proposed to assess the impact of elements of the current tax system on the efficiency of financial-economic activities of enterprises. A theoretical analysis of modern trends of tax planning is carried out and it is determined that the existing conditions of operation of enterprises are such phenomena as: digitalization of economic processes, robotization of business processes, influence of other factors of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and growth of uncertainty and level of risks for economic entities. According to the results of the research, it is defined that all these phenomena will affect the process of taxation of enterprises at the micro level due to the acceleration of data processing processes and changes in tax planning objects. The article explains the directions of further research on this topic, namely, the development of an economic-mathematical model of the influence of elements of the tax system in the context of the trends of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which becomes relevant in modern conditions of tax planning.

scholarly journals Transforming the Kindergarten Experience by Design: A Comparative Research Case Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Raechel French ◽  
Lennie Scott-Webber ◽  
Anjana Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Basic Education ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The State ◽  
School Students ◽  
Public School Students ◽  
Kindergarten Education ◽  
Full Day Kindergarten ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Kindergarten education is becoming a priority throughout the USA as research shows its importance on later in life outcomes. The State of Washington instated full-day kindergarten for all public-school students beginning in 2016–2017. It “…is part of the state’s constitutionally protected definition of ‘Basic Education’” (Reykdal, n.d., n.p.), working to support all children in the state. Acting on this new state requirement, one school district chose to design and build a center dedicated solely to kindergarten education, housing approximately 600 kindergarteners. The school was divided into four ‘neighborhood pods’ each with immediate access to specific activity programs (i.e., dining, interventionists, elective functions) reflecting a new ‘expanded push-in’ model and reduce transition times. This model was compared with a ‘traditionally’ operated kindergarten where learners travel to activity programs throughout a campus (i.e., dining, interventionists, electives). A human-centered research design using mixed-methods for this comparison study between an ‘expanded push-in’ and a ‘traditional’ model was used to understand the impact of this new architectural solution particularly focused on timing transitions between the classroom and activity program settings. Findings discovered a reduction in the length of transitions between accessing the programs by recaptured seven school days of learning time (approximately 45 hours), when compared to the traditional one, and more positive connections between students/students, teachers/teachers, and students/teachers to build community.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Digital Transformation of Education: What Are We Learning on 4IR in South Africa?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mhlanga ◽  
Tankiso Moloi
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Fourth Industrial Revolution ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Improve Access

The study sought to assess the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic in motivating digital transformation in the education sector in South Africa. The study was premised on the fact that learning in South Africa and the rest of the world came to a standstill due to the lockdown necessitated by COVID-19. To assess the impact, the study tracked the rate at which the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) tools were used by various institutions during the COVID-19 lockdown. Data were obtained from secondary sources. The findings are that, in South Africa, during the lockdown, a variety of 4IR tools were unleashed from primary education to higher and tertiary education where educational activities switched to remote (online) learning. These observations reflect that South Africa generally has some pockets of excellence to drive the education sector into the 4IR, which has the potential to increase access. Access to education, particularly at a higher education level, has always been a challenge due to a limited number of spaces available. Much as this pandemic has brought with it massive human suffering across the globe, it has presented an opportunity to assess successes and failures of deployed technologies, costs associated with them, and scaling these technologies to improve access.

scholarly journals The Impact of Industry 4.0 on Employees—Insights from Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Ejsmont
Keyword(s):  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
The Impact

Currently, Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is the most popular concept relating to changes in the functioning of industrial enterprises. Industry 4.0 has been discussed in the actual literature mainly from a technological perspective, overlooking social challenges regarding this fourth industrial revolution. The objective of this article is to diagnose the impact of I4.0 on employees. This aim will be achieved by (1) a literature review of existing research efforts, (2) conducting structured interviews, and (3) summarizing the current state of knowledge and providing a definition of further work. Scopus, Web of Science, and a set of specific keywords were used to select peer-reviewed articles showing evidence of the impact of I4.0 on employees/jobs in given countries or industries. After determining the current state of research in this area, it was decided to conduct structured interviews questionnaire in the country (Australia) and industry (horticulture), which had not been covered by the research in this topic so far. The main contribution of the article was the development and validation of a comprehensive research agenda on the impact of I4.0 on employees. The obtained results suggest that the impact of I4.0 on employees is significant, and the changes occur in many different categories related to human work. The impact of I4.0 was identified both at the macro (labor market) and micro (jobs) level.

Development of a roadmap for the development of industrial holdings in the digital economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 173-180
Author(s):  
Nikolai S. Rudenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Road Maps ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Road Mapping ◽  
The Impact

The development of the market economy at the present stage is characterized by the mass use of technologies of the fourth industrial revolution in key areas of activity of organizations and individual entrepreneurs. The article considers the impact of the digital economy on the development of industrial holdings in the Russian Federation. When implementing digital technologies, industrial holdings may face financial and production risks. To minimize these risks, the heads of industrial holdings need to carefully plan the process of digitalization of an industrial holding. The most promising method of planning is the system of corporate roadmaps of an industrial holding. Currently, roadmaps are actively used in all spheres of the economy. Road mapping technologies can be used to solve various tasks of an industrial holding. The paper provides an overview of the existing approaches of Russian and foreign economists to understanding the roadmap. The author’s definition of the industrial holding’s roadmap is proposed, taking into account the main provisions of the digital economy. The main functions and goals of roadmaps in Russian industrial holdings are systematized. The study describes the existing types of road maps. The main advantages of using the roadmap by industrial holdings of the Russian Federation are determined. The key disadvantages of using road maps are identified on the basis of the graph method. The object of the study is the industrial holdings of the Russian Federation. The subject of the research is the development of an algorithm for the roadmap for the introduction of digital technologies into the activities of an industrial holding. The methodological features of the algorithm for creating the roadmap of an industrial holding are determined. The research methods used include analysis and synthesis, the method of logic, description and modeling.

scholarly journals Public Spending and Learning Outcomes of Basic Education at the District Level in Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Thia Jasmina
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
National Examination ◽  
Junior Secondary ◽  
The Impact

Since 2009, the Indonesian government has fully allocated 20 percent of its budget on education. Though the increase of financial resources has led to an improvement of the access to education, challenges on the quality of education persist. By employing a cross-districts analysis in Indonesia during 2010–2015, this study aims to analyze the impact of government spending on the adjusted-national examination scores at the junior secondary education. This study shows that the central and local government spending have no significant impact on the scores. Whereas, the central government spending on teachers, and the socioeconomic factors such as poverty and health are significant determinants.AbstrakSejak 2009, Pemerintah Indonesia telah dapat mengalokasikan 20 persen anggaran untuk pendidikan. Peningkatan anggaran di sektor pendidikan yang signifikan di satu sisi telah meningkatkan akses pendidikan, tetapi di sisi lain masih terdapat tantangan terhadap kualitas pendidikan. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dampak belanja pemerintah terhadap nilai ujian nasional SMP dengan menggunakan analisa cross-section di kabupaten/kota Indonesia pada tahun 2010–2015. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa belanja pemerintah pusat dan daerah tidak mempunyai dampak yang signifikan terhadap nilai ujian nasional SMP. Akan tetapi, transfer pemerintah pusat untuk guru serta kondisi sosial ekonomi seperti kemiskinan dan kesehatan merupakan faktor yang signifikan.Kata kunci: Pendidikan; Belanja Pemerintah; Hasil Pembelajaran; Kabupaten/Kota; IndonesiaJEL classifications: H75; I22

Pengaruh Lintas Budaya Pada Pemasaran Internasional Dengan Pendekatan Perilaku Konsumen

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-176
Author(s):  
Endy Gunanto ◽  
Yenni Kurnia Gusti
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Cross Culture ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Impact

In this article we present a conceptual of the effect of cross culture on consumer behavior incorporating the impact of globalization. This conceptual idea shows that culture inûuences various domains of consumer behavior directly as well as through international organization to implement marketing strategy. The conceptual identify several factors such as norm and value in the community, several variables and also depicts the impact of other environmental factors and marketing strategy elements on consumer behavior. We also identify categories of consumer culture orientation resulting from globalization. Highlights of each of the several other articles included in this special issue in Asia region. We conclude with the contributions of the articles in terms of the consumer cultural orientations and identify directions for future research.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN KERUGIAN NEGARA DALAM PENGELOLAAN KEUANGAN DAERAH

EDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra Karianga
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Regional Finance ◽  
Regional Budget ◽  
State Finance ◽  
Budget Policy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Sources of revenue and expenditure of APBD (regional budget) can be allocated to finance the compulsory affairs and optional affairs in the form of programs and activities related to the improvement of public services, job creation, poverty alleviation, improvement of environmental quality, and regional economic growth. The implications of these policies is the need for funds to finance the implementation of the functions, that have become regional authority, is also increasing. In practice, regional financial management still poses a complicated issue because the regional head are reluctant to release pro-people regional budget policy, even implication of regional autonomy is likely to give birth to little kings in region causing losses to state finance and most end up in legal proceedings. This paper discusses the loss of state finance and forms of liability for losses to the state finance. The result of the study can be concluded firstly,  there are still many differences in giving meaning and definition of the loss of state finace and no standard definition of state losses, can cause difficulties. The difficulty there is in an effort to determine the amount of the state finance losses. The calculation of state/regions losses that occur today is simply assessing the suitability of the size of the budget and expenditure without considering profits earned by the community and the impact of the use of budget to the community. Secondly, the liability for losses to the state finance is the fulfillment of the consequences for a person to give or to do something in the regional financial management by giving birth to three forms of liability, namely the Criminal liability, Civil liability, and Administrative liability.Keywords: state finance losses, liability, regional finance.

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