scholarly journals Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Integrates Multisensory Information in Category Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 4410-4423
Author(s):  
You Li ◽  
Carol Seger ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Lei Mo
Keyword(s):  
Category Learning ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
General Network ◽  
Multisensory Information ◽  
First Time

Abstract Humans are able to categorize things they encounter in the world (e.g., a cat) by integrating multisensory information from the auditory and visual modalities with ease and speed. However, how the brain learns multisensory categories remains elusive. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate, for the first time, the neural mechanisms underpinning multisensory information-integration (II) category learning. A sensory-modality-general network, including the left insula, right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), supplementary motor area, left precentral gyrus, bilateral parietal cortex, and right caudate and globus pallidus, was recruited for II categorization, regardless of whether the information came from a single modality or from multiple modalities. Putamen activity was higher in correct categorization than incorrect categorization. Critically, the left IFG and left body and tail of the caudate were activated in multisensory II categorization but not in unisensory II categorization, which suggests this network plays a specific role in integrating multisensory information during category learning. The present results extend our understanding of the role of the left IFG in multisensory processing from the linguistic domain to a broader role in audiovisual learning.

scholarly journals Developmental Recovery of Impaired Multisensory Processing in Autism and the Cost of Switching Sensory Modality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Crosse ◽  
John J. Foxe ◽  
Sophie Molholm
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Multisensory Information

AbstractChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are often impaired in their ability to cope with and process multisensory information, which may contribute to some of the social and communicative deficits that are prevalent in this population. Amelioration of such deficits in adolescence has been observed for ecologically-relevant stimuli such as speech. However, it is not yet known if this recovery generalizes to the processing of nonsocial stimuli such as more basic beeps and flashes, typically used in cognitive neuroscience research. We hypothesize that engagement of different neural processes and lack of environmental exposure to such artificial stimuli leads to protracted developmental trajectories in both neurotypical (NT) individuals and individuals with ASD, thus delaying the age at which we observe this “catch up”. Here, we test this hypothesis using a bisensory detection task by measuring human response times to randomly presented auditory, visual and audiovisual stimuli. By measuring the behavioral gain afforded by an audiovisual signal, we show that the multisensory deficit previously reported in children with ASD recovers in adulthood by the mid-twenties. In addition, we examine the effects of switching between sensory modalities and show that teenagers with ASD incur less of a behavioral cost than their NT peers. Computational modelling reveals that multisensory information interacts according to different rules in children and adults, and that sensory evidence is weighted differently too. In ASD, weighting of sensory information and allocation of attention during multisensory processing differs to that of NT individuals. Based on our findings, we propose a theoretical framework of multisensory development in NT and ASD individuals.

scholarly journals What failure in collective decision-making tells us about metacognition

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1594) ◽  
pp. 1350-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahador Bahrami ◽  
Karsten Olsen ◽  
Dan Bang ◽  
Andreas Roepstorff ◽  
Geraint Rees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Majority Vote ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Collective Decision ◽  
Collective Decision Making ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Integration Problem

Condorcet (1785) proposed that a majority vote drawn from individual, independent and fallible (but not totally uninformed) opinions provides near-perfect accuracy if the number of voters is adequately large. Research in social psychology has since then repeatedly demonstrated that collectives can and do fail more often than expected by Condorcet. Since human collective decisions often follow from exchange of opinions, these failures provide an exquisite opportunity to understand human communication of metacognitive confidence . This question can be addressed by recasting collective decision-making as an information-integration problem similar to multisensory (cross-modal) perception. Previous research in systems neuroscience shows that one brain can integrate information from multiple senses nearly optimally. Inverting the question, we ask: under what conditions can two brains integrate information about one sensory modality optimally? We review recent work that has taken this approach and report discoveries about the quantitative limits of collective perceptual decision-making, and the role of the mode of communication and feedback in collective decision-making. We propose that shared metacognitive confidence conveys the strength of an individual's opinion and its reliability inseparably. We further suggest that a functional role of shared metacognition is to provide substitute signals in situations where outcome is necessary for learning but unavailable or impossible to establish.

Attitudes Toward Math Are Differentially Related to the Neural Basis of Multiplication Depending on Math Skill

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-191
Author(s):  
Ö. Ece Demir-Lira ◽  
Macarena Suárez-Pellicioni ◽  
John V. Binzak ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Multiplication Facts ◽  
Attitudes Toward Math ◽  
Multiplication Task ◽  
First Time

Attitudes toward math (ATM) predict math achievement. Negative ATM are associated with avoidance of math content, while positive ATM are associated with exerting more effort on math tasks. Recent literature highlights the importance of considering interactions between ATM and math skill in examining relations to achievement. This study investigated, for the first time, the effects of the interaction between math skill and ATM on the neurocognitive basis of arithmetic processing. We examined the effect of this interaction using a single-digit multiplication task in 9- to 12-year-old children. Results showed that higher math skill was correlated with less activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and positive ATM were correlated with less activation in the left IFG. The relation between ATM and the neural basis of multiplication varied depending on math skill. Only among children with lower math skill, positive ATM were associated with greater activation of the left IFG. The results suggest that positive ATM in low-skill children might encourage them to more fully engage the neurocognitive systems underlying controlled effort and retrieval of multiplication facts. Our results highlight the importance of examining the role of both attitudinal and cognitive factors on the neural basis of arithmetic development.

scholarly journals Poorer auditory sensitivity is related to stronger visual enhancement of the human auditory mismatch negativity (MMNm)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilie Møller ◽  
Andreas Højlund ◽  
Klaus B. Bærentsen ◽  
Niels Chr. Hansen ◽  
Joshua C. Skewes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Visual Enhancement ◽  
Complementary Role ◽  
Multisensory Information

AbstractMultisensory processing facilitates perception of our everyday environment and becomes particularly important when sensory information is degraded or close to the discrimination threshold. Here, we used magnetoencephalography and an audiovisual oddball paradigm to assess the complementary role of visual information in subtle pitch discrimination at the neural level of participants with varying levels of pitch discrimination abilities, i.e., musicians and nonmusicians. The amplitude of the auditory mismatch negativity (MMNm) served as an index of sensitivity. The gain in amplitude resulting from compatible audiovisual information was larger in participants whose MMNm amplitude was smaller in the condition deviating only in the auditory dimension, in accordance with the multisensory principle of inverse effectiveness. These findings show that discrimination of even a sensory-specific feature as pitch is facilitated by multisensory information at a pre-attentive level, and they highlight the importance of considering inter-individual differences in uni-sensory abilities when assessing multisensory processing.

Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica W. Y. Liu ◽  
A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Rachel M. Roberts ◽  
Kaarin J. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus following reversal of consistent stimulus-stop mappings

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maisy Best ◽  
Tobias Stevens ◽  
Fraser Milton ◽  
Christopher D. Chambers ◽  
Ian P. McLaren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
The Right

Synergetic Theory of Document in Evolution of Document Science

2018 ◽  
pp. 1060-1068
Author(s):  
Galina A. Dvoenosova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Scientific Study ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Universal Theory ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Social Goal ◽  
The Social ◽  
Synergetic Theory ◽  
First Time

The article assesses synergetic theory of document as a new development in document science. In information society the social role of document grows, as information involves all members of society in the process of documentation. The transformation of document under the influence of modern information technologies increases its interest to representatives of different sciences. Interdisciplinary nature of document as an object of research leads to an ambiguous interpretation of its nature and social role. The article expresses and contends the author's views on this issue. In her opinion, social role of document is incidental to its being a main social tool regulating the life of civilized society. Thus, the study aims to create a scientific theory of document, explaining its nature and social role as a tool of social (goal-oriented) action and social self-organization. Substantiation of this idea is based on application of synergetics (i.e., universal theory of self-organization) to scientific study of document. In the synergetic paradigm, social and historical development is seen as the change of phases of chaos and order, and document is considered a main tool that regulates social relations. Unlike other theories of document, synergetic theory studies document not as a carrier and means of information transfer, but as a unique social phenomenon and universal social tool. For the first time, the study of document steps out of traditional frameworks of office, archive, and library. The document is placed on the scales with society as a global social system with its functional subsystems of politics, economy, culture, and personality. For the first time, the methods of social sciences and modern sociological theories are applied to scientific study of document. This methodology provided a basis for theoretical vindication of nature and social role of document as a tool of social (goal-oriented) action and social self-organization. The study frames a synergetic theory of document with methodological foundations and basic concepts, synergetic model of document, laws of development and effectiveness of document in the social continuum. At the present stage of development of science, it can be considered the highest form of theoretical knowledge of document and its scientific explanatory theory.

Physical Warmth Attenuates Ethnocentric Bias under Mortality Salience: An Embodied Terror Management Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armand Chatard ◽  
Margaux Renoux ◽  
Jean Monéger ◽  
Leila Selimbegovic
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Salience ◽  
Terror Management ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Defensive Reaction ◽  
Worldview Defense ◽  
Management Perspective ◽  
Physical Warmth ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
First Time

Research indicates that individuals often deal with mortality salience by affirming beliefs in national or cultural superiority (worldview defense). Because worldview defense may be associated with negative consequences (discrimination), it is important to identify alternative means to deal with death-related thoughts. In line with an embodied terror management perspective, we evaluate for the first time the role of physical warmth in reducing defensive reaction to mortality salience. We predicted that, like social affiliation (social warmth), physical warmth could reduce worldview defense when mortality is salient. In this exploratory (preregistered) study, 202 French participants were primed with death-related thoughts, or an aversive control topic, in a heated room or a non-heated room. The main outcome was worldview defense (ethnocentric bias). We found no main effect of mortality salience on worldview defense. However, physical warmth reduced worldview defense when mortality was salient. Implications for an embodied terror management perspective are discussed.

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