Chasing Pain

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Casey
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
System Research

By several measures, no human experience is more important than pain. Chasing Pain discusses the evolution of scientific and clinical evidence that supports contemporary concepts of how pain is created by the nervous system. These concepts influence medical practice, neuroscientific research, and philosophical ideas about pain and other neurological functions. Historically, pain has been conceived as emerging either from an undefined pattern of neural activity or from anatomically localized and physiologically unique structures in the nervous system. Research during the early and middle 20th century showed that pain normally requires both sensory detectors of noxious events (nociceptors) and brain mechanisms that generate emotional experience. Realistic models of pain neurobiology must also consider that the normally tight link between pain and tissue damage is strongly affected by several neurological diseases, emotionally compelling circumstances, complex cognitive processes, and pain itself. As one example of physiological pain modulation, readers may access the author’s videos of surgery performed with acupuncture as the sole analgesic method. Chasing Pain reviews the neuroscientific research and clinical experience that has, over time, greatly enriched our understanding of pain neurobiology, guided medical practice, and influenced contemporary concepts of neurological functions. The limitations of our current conceptual models of pain are exemplified by considering several common, clinically challenging conditions that remain very poorly understood.

scholarly journals Neurological contributions from William Osler

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 258-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luiz Pedroso ◽  
Orlando Graziani Povoas Barsottini
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
William Osler

William Osler was one of the most remarkable clinicians worldwide, and his teachings in medical practice remain until the present days. Although Osler had never considered himself a neurologist, he contributed with clinical and pathological descriptions of numerous neurological diseases. He performed more than 800 autopsies studies of the nervous system and published over 200 articles in the field of Neurology. In this article, we described the main neurological contributions from William Osler.

scholarly journals APLIKASI SISTEM PAKAR BERBASIS WEB UNTUK MENDIAGNOSA PENYAKIT SYARAF PUSAT DENGAN METODE FORWARD CHAINING

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Daniel Alexander Octavianus Turang
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
System Research ◽  
Nervous Disease ◽  
Forward Chaining ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The Brain

<p><em>The nervous system is one of the organs that perform activities of a coordinating body. Central nervous system functions primarily to detect, analyze, process and deliver information. Sensory systems collect information which are processed in the brain and transmitted to the motor system to control the movement, visceral activity, and endocrine functions. All the action from the sensory and motor systems are controlled by nerves which are interconnected to form a network of signaling. Lack of information and knowledge about neurological causes many sufferers of neurological diseases. The methods used in this research is a method of Forward Chaining. The system to be built is a computer-based information system by utilizing the technology of artificial intelligence that serves as system tools or the giver of neurological diagnosis results to the user. Diagnoses generated by this system is equipped with a type of central nervous disease with pecegahan and the way of treatment. The system will analyze your answers to each question are given, so that the obtained results diagnoses based on the existing knowledge base in expert system. Research results in the form of expert system that can help users know what kind of diseases of the central nervous, giving information regarding central nervous disease and knowing how treatment and prevention. </em><br /> <br /><em><strong>Keywords</strong>: expert system, forward chaining, neurological diseases</em></p><p><em>Sistem syaraf merupakan salah satu organ yang melakukan koordinasi kegiatan tubuh. Sistem syaraf pusat mempunyai fungsi utama untuk mendeteksi, menganalisa,mengolah dan menghantarkan informasi. Sistem sensorik mengumpulkan informasi yang akan diproses di otak dan diteruskan ke sistem motorik untuk mengontrol gerakan, aktivitas viseral, dan fungsi-fungsi endokrin. Semu aksi dari sistem sensorik dan motorik dikontrol oleh syaraf yang saling berhubungan membentuk jaringan signaling. Kurangnya informasi dan pengetahuan tentang penyakit syaraf menyebabkan banyak penderita penyakit syaraf. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode Forward Chaining. Sistem yang akan dibangun merupakan suatu sistem informasi yang berbasis komputer dengan memanfaatkan teknologi kecerdasan buatan yang berfungsi sebagai sistem alat bantu atau pemberi hasil diagnosa penyakit syaraf kepada pengguna. Diagnosa yang dihasilkan oleh sistem ini dilengkapi dengan jenis penyakit syaraf pusat beserta pecegahan dan cara pengobatannya. Sistem akan menganalisa jawaban dari setiap pertanyaan yang diberikan, sehingga diperoleh hasil diagnosa berdasarkan basis pengetahuan yang ada dalam sistem pakar ini. Hasil penelitian berupa sistem pakar yang dapat membantu pengguna mengetahui jenis penyakit syaraf pusat, memberikan informasi mengenai penyakit syaraf pusat dan mengetahui cara pengobatan dan pencegahannya. </em></p><p><em><strong>Kata kunci</strong>: forward chaining, penyakit syaraf, sistem pakar</em></p>

Mills' syndrome. A clinical case of a rare degenerative pathology of the central nervous system

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Konstantin Gulyabin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Cortical Atrophy ◽  
Primary Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
System A ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Primary Lateral ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Mills Syndrome

Mills' syndrome is a rare neurological disorder. Its nosological nature is currently not completely determined. Nevertheless, Mills' syndrome is considered to be a rare variant of the degenerative pathology of the central nervous system – a variant of focal cortical atrophy. The true prevalence of this pathology is unknown, since this condition is more often of a syndrome type, observed in the clinical picture of a number of neurological diseases (primary lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, etc.) and is less common in isolated form.

scholarly journals Distribution in the brain and possible neuroprotective effects of intranasally delivered multi-walled carbon nanotubes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marzia Soligo ◽  
Fausto Maria Felsani ◽  
Tatiana Da Ros ◽  
Susanna Bosi ◽  
Elena Pellizzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrochemical Properties ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Active Investigation

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are currently under active investigation for their use in several biomedical applications, especially in neurological diseases and nervous system injury due to their electrochemical properties.

Clinical evidence for dose tolerance of the central nervous system in hypofractionated radiotherapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinyu Xue ◽  
Bahman Emami ◽  
Jimm Grimm ◽  
Gregory J. Kubicek ◽  
Sucha O. Asbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Hypofractionated Radiotherapy ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dose Tolerance

scholarly journals Patients with Impaired Descending Nociceptive Inhibitory System Present Altered Cardiac Vagal Control at Rest

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (21;1) ◽  
pp. E409-E418
Author(s):  
Leandro Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Pressure Response ◽  
Autonomic Modulation ◽  
Inhibitory System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

Background: Patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain have a higher chance of presenting impairment in cardiovascular autonomic modulation, which may have implications for cardiovascular events. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in pain modulation. However, it is unclear whether patients with inefficient descending nociceptive inhibition have poorer cardiovascular autonomic modulation. Objective: To compare the cardiovascular autonomic modulation of patients with musculoskeletal pain who had normal versus impaired functioning of descending nociceptive inhibitory system (DNIS). Study Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Physiotherapy outpatient service. Methods: Fifty-six patients with musculoskeletal pain were included. Conditioned pain modulation was assessed by the difference of algometric values held in the dorsal forearm and tibialis anterior muscle, before and after a thermal pain stimulus was employed via the cold pressure test (CPT). Patients with inefficient DNIS in both sites were classified as impaired responders (n = 14). The others were classified as normal responders (n = 42). Cardiac autonomic modulation was monitored at rest by heart rate variability (HRV). The blood pressure response to the CPT was used as a proxy of sympathetic responsiveness. Results: Most of the patients were women (60%) and had chronic pain (75%). The groups had similar demographic characteristics. Patients with impaired DNIS showed lower HRV [RMSSD (P = 0.020), SDRR (P = 0.009), HF (ms2 ) (P = 0.027), LF (ms2 ) (P = 0.004), and total power (P = 0.002)]. The blood pressure response to CPT was similar between groups (systolic pressure, P = 0.813; diastolic pressure, P = 0.709). Limitation: Physical activity level, emotional changes, and visceral pathologies can alter the autonomic nervous system and may represent potential confounders. The low number of patients may have biased the results. Conclusion: Patients with impaired DNIS presented lower resting HRV, indicating an altered vagal control of the heart. In contrast, the blood pressure response to a sympathoexcitatory stimulus was preserved. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Augusto Motta University Centre (CAAE number: 46245215.9.0000.5235), and all patients signed the Informed Consent Form. Key words: Musculoskeletal pain, autonomic nervous system, heart rate, chronic pain, diffuse noxious inhibitory control, blood pressure, sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

scholarly journals Cannabinoids in Chronic Pain: Therapeutic Potential Through Microglia Modulation

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nynke J. van den Hoogen ◽  
Erika K. Harding ◽  
Chloé E. D. Davidson ◽  
Tuan Trang
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Pain Modulation ◽  
Pain Outcomes ◽  
Cb2 Receptors ◽  
Affective Components ◽  
Peripheral Immune Cells

Chronic pain is a complex sensory, cognitive, and emotional experience that imposes a great personal, psychological, and socioeconomic burden on patients. An estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide are afflicted with chronic pain, which is often difficult to treat and may be resistant to the potent pain-relieving effects of opioid analgesics. Attention has therefore focused on advancing new pain therapies directed at the cannabinoid system because of its key role in pain modulation. Endocannabinoids and exogenous cannabinoids exert their actions primarily through Gi/o-protein coupled cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors expressed throughout the nervous system. CB1 receptors are found at key nodes along the pain pathway and their activity gates both the sensory and affective components of pain. CB2 receptors are typically expressed at low levels on microglia, astrocytes, and peripheral immune cells. In chronic pain states, there is a marked increase in CB2 expression which modulates the activity of these central and peripheral immune cells with important consequences for the surrounding pain circuitry. Growing evidence indicate that interventions targeting CB1 or CB2 receptors improve pain outcomes in a variety of preclinical pain models. In this mini-review, we will highlight recent advances in understanding how cannabinoids modulate microglia function and its implications for cannabinoid-mediated analgesia, focusing on microglia-neuron interactions within the spinal nociceptive circuitry.

scholarly journals Vesicular dysfunction and pathways to neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cellular Events ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Control

Abstract Cellular control of vesicle biology and trafficking is critical for cell viability, with disruption of these pathways within the cells of the central nervous system resulting in neurodegeneration and disease. The past two decades have provided important insights into both the genetic and biological links between vesicle trafficking and neurodegeneration. In this essay, the pathways that have emerged as being critical for neuronal survival in the human brain will be discussed – illustrating the diversity of proteins and cellular events with three molecular case studies drawn from different neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Overstimulation of the inhibitory nervous system plays a role in the pathogenesis of neuromuscular and neurological diseases: a novel hypothesis

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Tuk
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Inhibitory System ◽  
Disease Pathogenesis ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
Excitatory Activity ◽  
Homeostatic Response

Based upon a thorough review of published clinical observations regarding the inhibitory system, I hypothesize that this system may play a key role in the pathogenesis of a variety of neuromuscular and neurological diseases. Specifically, excitatory overstimulation, which is commonly reported in neuromuscular and neurological diseases, may be a homeostatic response to inhibitory overstimulation. Involvement of the inhibitory system in disease pathogenesis is highly relevant, given that most approaches currently being developed for treating neuromuscular and neurological diseases focus on reducing excitatory activity rather than reducing inhibitory activity.

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