Review of the scientific evidence used for establishing US policies on added sugars

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (9) ◽  
pp. 646-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula R Trumbo
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Added Sugars ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Dietary Guidelines For Americans ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Advisory Committee has set recommendations to limit added sugars. This action was based on the association between dietary pattern quality scores and chronic disease risk, the results of meta-analyses conducted for the World Health Organization, and data from modeling of dietary patterns for establishing the US Department of Agriculture’s Healthy US-Style Eating Patterns. Recommendations provided by the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans were used by the US Food and Drug Administration to establish, for the first time, the mandatory declaration of added sugars and a Daily Value of added sugars for the Nutrition Facts label. This review provides an overview of the scientific evidence considered by the World Health Organization, the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, and the US Food and Drug Administration for setting recent polices and regulations on added sugars and highlights important issues and inconsistencies in the evaluations and interpretations of the evidence.

scholarly journals Scientific Certainty in a Time of Uncertainty: Predicting Vulnerability of Canada's First Nations to Pandemic H1N1/09

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Spence ◽  
Jerry P. White
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
First Nations ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
World Health ◽  
Director General ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

On June 11, 2009, the Director General of the World Health Organization, Dr. Margaret Chan, announced that the scientific evidence indicated that the criteria for an influenza pandemic had been met: pandemic H1N1/09 virus, the first in nearly 40 years, was officially upon us. The World Health Organization has estimated that as many as 2 billion or between 15 and 45 percent of the population globally will be infected by the H1N1/09 virus. Scientists and governments have been careful to walk a line between causing mass public fear and ensuring people take the risks seriously. The latest information indicates that the majority of individuals infected with the H1N1/09 virus thus far have suffered mild illness, although very severe and fatal illness have been observed in a small number of cases, even in young and healthy people (World Health Organization 2009c). There is no evidence to date that the virus has mutated to a more virulent or lethal form; however, as we enter the second wave of the pandemic, a significant number of people in countries across the world are susceptible to infection. Most importantly, certain subgroups have been categorized as high risk given the clinical evidence to date. One of these subgroups is Indigenous populations (World Health Organization 2009c).

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pesticides Found in Oregon Cannabis from 2016 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 770-774
Author(s):  
Richard Evoy ◽  
Laurel Kincl
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pesticide Use ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Medicinal Cannabis ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Pesticide use and worker exposures to pesticides in the US cannabis industry have not been studied due to cannabis being illegal at the federal level. Without knowing the types of pesticides being used in this industry, it is difficult to assess whether workers are being exposed to potentially dangerous pesticides. When recreational cannabis became legal in the state of Oregon in 2014, the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) published a list of recommended pesticides for use in the cannabis industry and developed the state's pesticide testing regulations for all cannabis products, medicinal and recreational. Using the state's pesticide testing data, the aim of this study was to investigate the types of pesticides being used in the Oregon cannabis industry and if they present a hazard to cannabis workers. Both recreational and medicinal cannabis samples contained high levels of residual pesticides and pesticides not legally allowed to be used on cannabis products. Medicinal cannabis products were found to have mean levels of residual pesticides that were 3–12 times higher than recreational products. Nine of the 50 pesticides identified were classified highly or extremely hazardous by the World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Community universal face mask use during the COVID 19 pandemic—from households to travellers and public spaces

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Raina MacIntyre ◽  
S Jay Hasanain
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
World Health ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Community Members ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

As the COVID-19 pandemic grows globally, universal face mask use (UFMU) has become a topic of discussion, with a recommendation made from the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for cloth mask use by community members. Other countries and the World Health Organization advise against UFMU. We outline the rationale and evidence supporting UFMU in households, during travel and in crowded public spaces in high transmission community settings.

scholarly journals Health effects of asbestos fibers in the air

Tehnika ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-125
Author(s):  
Veljko Đukić ◽  
Biljana Đukić
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Asbestos Fibers ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since the beginning of the 20th century, thousands of tons of asbestos were used in all developed countries in industry and construction. After the serious illnesses and deaths caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers were reliably identified, the first asbestos use ban was prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1972. Asbestos in the last 100 years to blame for the death of a large number of workers in industry and construction as well as the population. According to the World Health Organization in the next 40 years in the world is expected to illness and death of more than 500 000 people as a consequence of inhaling airborne particles of asbestos. That fact has led to a complete ban on any use of asbestos in most countries. The paper is particularly pronounced approach applied in the US, according to which each of respirable difficult soluble fiber is considered fibrinogen, and every fiber diameter ≤1mm and length ≥10mm potentially fibrinogen and carcinogenic, and in Germany that any inorganic fiber diameter of 5mm and the ratio length and diameter of> 3: 1 is considered potentially carcinogenic. The question is whether it is justified to carcinogenic fibers prescribe and apply the limit values, and whether in BiH differently treated with carcinogens acting genotoxic than those operating epigenetic mechanisms.

scholarly journals COVID-19: instruments for the allocation of mechanical ventilators—a narrative review

Critical Care ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo José dos Santos ◽  
Maristela Santini Martins ◽  
Fabiana Lopes Pereira Santana ◽  
Maria Carolina Silvano Pacheco Corr Furtado ◽  
Fabiana Cristina Bazana Remédio Miname ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ethical Aspects ◽  
Mechanical Ventilators ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract After the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 to be a pandemic, the elaboration of comprehensive and preventive public policies became important in order to stop the spread of the disease. However, insufficient or ineffective measures may have placed health professionals and services in the position of having to allocate mechanical ventilators. This study aimed to identify instruments, analyze their structures, and present the main criteria used in the screening protocols, in order to help the development of guidelines and policies for the allocation of mechanical ventilators in the COVID-19 pandemic. The instruments have a low level of scientific evidence, and, in general, are structured by various clinical, non-clinical, and tiebreaker criteria that contain ethical aspects. Few instruments included public participation in their construction or validation. We believe that the elaboration of these guidelines cannot be restricted to specialists as this question involves ethical considerations which make the participation of the population necessary. Finally, we propose seventeen elements that can support the construction of screening protocols in the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Intestinal microbiota in children with obesity. Role of probiotics

2020 ◽  
pp. 134-142
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
I. V. Berezhnaya ◽  
E. V. Skorobogatova ◽  
M. R. Aysanova ◽  
T. I. Bocharova
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Obese People ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Obesity is a global problem of modern healthcare. In 2016, the World Health Organization estimated that 39% of people over 18 were overweight, and the number of obese people worldwide almost tripled over the period from 1975 to 2016. The number of overweight and obese children is growing at an alarming rate, with the World Health Organization estimating that in 2016 the number of overweight children under the age of 5 will exceed 41 million. Scientific evidence supports the hypothesis that the development of obesity is closely related to changes in both the function and composition of the intestinal microbiota, which plays a significant role in controlling energy metabolism and changes in body mass index. The main therapy for obesity and associated metabolic disorders to date has been a corrected diet combined with physical activity. The new therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of obesity is based on changing the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota using probiotics. Studies on changes in metabolic activity and obesity in rodents have shown encouraging results. The beneficial effects of probiotics on human health today no longer require proof. Probiotics have an integrated effect on the physical, biochemical and metabolic parameters associated with obesity, combined with adequate nutrition and lifestyle correction. Probiotics in the presence of prebiotics have more pronounced metabolic functions, help stabilize the intestinal microbiota, maintain a healthy body weight and control factors associated with fat accumulation and chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals Combatting Coronavirus: The Case for Improved Global Vaccination Systems and Cooperation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Momin Ahmed ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
At Risk ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

1979, the year polio was eradicated from the United States. But more than 40 years later, this disease is still infecting children in countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan. While we are close to globally eradicating the disease (95 total cases reported in 2019), the fact that it has taken more than 4 decades to get to this point is not only disheartening but embarrassing (Martin, 2019). In addition, polio is one of several diseases that have been eradicated in the US, but not worldwide. Rubella, measles, and diphtheria are just a few examples of diseases that still affect children worldwide (Vanderslott et al., 2013). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 20 million children worldwide remain under/un vaccinated and at risk for fatal diseases (WHO, 2020). Although this number is declining yearly, it is still a figure that cannot be ignored and serves as an indication for the need of improved global vaccination systems.

Organ Markets

2021 ◽  
pp. 306-324
Author(s):  
Lainie Friedman ◽  
J. Richard Thistlethwaite, Jr
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
Living Donors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Living Donation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Organ Markets ◽  
Health Organization

This chapter examines the arguments in favor of and opposed to a market for kidney grafts from living sources. Although the National Organ Transplant Act (NOTA) of 1984 made it illegal to buy or sell organs in the US, and the World Health Organization recommended a similar ban in 1991 (which was reaffirmed in 2010), there is some support for a kidney market in academic circles. While measures to make living donation financially neutral for living donors are ethical and widely popular, payments that serve as incentives or bribes are neither. The buying and selling of living organ grafts are not an ethical means to mitigate the shortage of organs for transplantation.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Resistance in Malaysia, and its Public Health Implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 534-541
Author(s):  
A.M. Meer Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Awareness ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Hospital Acquired

The World Health Organization (WHO) notes high-rates of resistance among bacteria associated with common illness in all the WHO-regions - both hospital-acquired and community-acquired (WHO 2014). An estimated 2 million cases of antibiotic-resistance are reported in the US annually, causing 23,000 deaths. With reference to such, the US CDC states that about 30% of the total-annual 150 million prescriptions for antibiotics is not justified. There is a need for greater prudence in the use involving joint-efforts in surveillance, public health awareness additionally, and in formulating clear policies on procurement and prudent use. Keywords: Antibiotic Resistance, Public Health, prescriptions

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