Industry 4.0 and their application in medicine and dentistry, as well as the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic

Basics: Industry 4.0 is a realized reality, which already today has a growing application in medicine and dentistry. So, at this moment, its application is especially important in the fight against covid-19. Aim of the paper: The purpose of this review paper is to understand the role of Industry 4.0 in the field of medicine and dentistry and to identify research directions, including future applications, especially for covid-19. Material and method: A detailed analysis of papers on Industry 4.0 in medicine, dentistry and related fields was performed and possible applications and directions of research were identified, especially for covid-19.Result: Through this review study, we identified different technologies, opportunities and research status of Industry 4.0 in the field of medicine, dentistry and covid-19 pandemic, through 19 areas of application. We can say that Industry 4.0 will become an essential part of tomorrow's smart factory of medical and dental devices. Conclusion: Industry 4.0 shows a wide range of possibilities for the production of newly adapted implants (medical and dental) and innovative tools and instruments for the field of medicine and dentistry. This model enables the creation of a digital clinic and digital office, with a complete system of medical and dental monitoring, which meets the individual requirements of the patient, thus creating the industry of medicine and dentistry with optimization of treatment time and costs. In the future, Industry 4.0 will create new capabilities and innovative protocols for the treatment and care of patients, both in medicine and dentistry.

The role of company management in the choice of organizational structure

The dynamic and turbulent market environment poses great demands and challenges to the company's management. Adequate management response to these challenges should ensure more efficient, effective and economical business operations, significantly higher quality financial statements, as well as a modern organization of the company. The subject of this paper is the modern internal organization of the company. Based on that, it will be considered what is the impact of the internal organization on the overall business of the company, and what mechanisms and methods management can and should apply in this area, all based on relevant legal and professional regulations.

Codiing system for rail defects in accordance with IRS 70712

Rail defects due to the rolling contact fatigue have a significant place in the Handbook of Rail Defects in the framework of UIC Code 712 in 2002. The paper presents the system for coding and classification of rail defects according to UIC recommendation IRS 70712 in 2018. The presented classification does not cover all known defects due to the rolling contact fatigue (e.g. stud and belgrospi defects). It is recommended that Infrastructure Manager should supplement the Handbook of Rail Defects with the types of defects noticed on its railway network. The authors recommend information that should be included in the database of rail defects, in order to monitor the development of defects, taken measures and their efficiency, as well as to enable the exchange of statistical data on rail defects at the international level.

Landslide investigations using the geoelectrical scanning method and ground penetrating radar: Case studies

Geotechnical investigations of landslides for future mitigation are a complex task. To obtain relevant information, various geophysical methods are used, with varying degrees of success. The geoelectrical scanning method, also known as Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) has been successfully applied in several locations in Serbia in the las three decades. The geoelectrical scanning method was used during investigations of landslides: Umka, Lukovska banja, Tara, and Trandžament, while both geoelectrical scanning and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) were utilized at the Trandžament landslide. The achieved results from both methods are mutually correlated at the Trandžament landslide. Correlation of GPR data with geoelectrical scanning data was only possible since there were no nearsurface low resistivity zones in the Trandžament landslide body. Otherwise, electromagnetic signal attenuation would be high in the presence of near-surface low resistivity zones, and a quality signal would be impossible to detect at the receiving antenna.

Summary determination of velocity and acceleration in the dead position of four-bar mechanism by the stopping method

The paper studies a plane four-bar mechanism in a dead, kinematically indeterminate position. From that position, the mechanism could continue to move, continuously, or the driven lever would stop and move backwards. But, if we eliminate this second possibility, the position of the mechanism is no longer indeterminate and it would be logical that we can determine unknown speeds and accelerations by some kinematic method. The authors of this paper, applying the stopping method, came up with analytical expressions for determining unknown velocities and accelerations in the dead position of an four-bar mechanism.

Evaluation of vehicle parameters depending on technical vehicle inspection

In a strategic document of EU for Road safety improvement, up to 2030, "safe vehicle" is recognized as one of the pillars of a stable Road safety system. The part of the "safe vehicle" pillar is technical vehicle ispection, where parameters important for road safety are periodically checked. The aim of this work is to determine the quality of the measurement data and the ability to repeat measurements of some parameters during technical vehicle inspection, or more precisely, to determine whether measured data of turning wheel resistance and brakes ovality differ depending on the inspection place. The research is done by inspecting ten vehicles at five inspection places with different levels of resources use. The results show that the spread of measured data of turning wheel resistance is statistically significant and that it depends on the inspection place, as well as that measured data of turning wheels resistance significantly vary between inspection places. The measured percentage of brakes ovality is different from one inspection place to another, but the differences are statistically significant only for right wheels. The impact of inspection place, although less than in turning wheel resistance measurement, is still significant.

Suitability of aggregates gradation for base and subbase layers of pavement

The assessment of the suitability of the granulometric composition of the crushed stone aggregates (CSA) for an unbound base and subbase layers of pavement, in the Republic of Serbia is done based on the defined gradation bands, uniformity degree (Cu), coefficient of curvature (Cz), percentage of fines and percentage of particles passing a 0.02 mm sieve. On the other hand, standards which define the quality requirements of aggregates and unbound mixtures for road construction SRPS EN 13242 and SRPS EN 13285 introduce a significantly different approach to the assessment of the granulometric composition suitability. Categories are defined. Each category includes a particular boundary band, tolerances on sieves, differences in values passing each sieve. The categories are defined depending on the field of the application. For seven CSA 0/31.5 mm used for the construction of Corridor XI, a comparative analysis of the granulometric composition suitability was performed according to the requirements of the existing Technical Specifications (TS) of PE "Roads of Serbia" (PERS) and the specified SRPS EN standards. The analysed curves satisfy those technical requirements, but vary in categories from the most severe mixtures of the normal granulometric composition of the GA category, to the open mixtures of the GP category. It was concluded that the principle based on the defining allowed tolerances on the sieves and between the sieves, is more suitable for field control of of the granulometric composition and the good granularity of the aggregates. Technical Specifications should be modified to this approach.

Configuring a new educational machine tool based on hybrid kinematic mechanism

The paper shows the configuration of a new educational machine based on hybrid kinematics mechanism. The concept of a three-axis O-X hybrid mechanism is described, consisting of a single serial translational axis and a two-axis parallel mechanism that can operate in two variants, with extended form O and crossed form X-joints of the parallel mechanism. The virtual prototype of the machine was configured in a CAD/CAM environment, where simulations of the mechanism's operation were performed. A programming system for machine has been prepared that also enables program verification. An open architecture control system based on the LinuxCNC platform has been configured for control of the machine. The trial work of the machine was performed in order to verify the realized prototype and control.

Assessment of sustainability of different renewable energy systems based on life cycle exergy analysis

The sustainable development of energy systems does not only involve the use of renewable energy resources but the increase in their efficiency as well, enabling society to maximise the benefits of their consumption. The production of electrical energy from clean and renewable sources contributes to lowered fossil fuel exploitation and the reduction of its damaging effect on the environment. This is a way to reach the global target of sustainable development - striking a balance between resource consumption and the achievable natural cycle regeneration. Environmental protection is in the focus of attention. Namely, when energy system sustainability is assessed, in addition to the ecological sustainability assessment (based on life cycle analysis - LCA), attention should be paid to the decrease in energy quality in energy processes (exergy loss). This paper presents the thermodynamic approach to energy system sustainability assessment by applying life cycle exergy analysis (LCEA). The key issue is the assessment of systems which use sustainable energy sources: the wind turbine and the stand-alone photovoltaic solar system.

Urban regeneration of the industrial zone in Smederevo: Comparative analysis

This paper has a focus on Urban Regeneration, with the "still-active" industrial complex as the main element, on the Eastern outskirt of the City of Smederevo. It includes revitalization and networking with the cultural assets of the city, emphasizes their importance in terms of traditional and tourist conditions, in direct communication with a necessary urban methods for the revitalization of the entire area and the City of Smederevo. Due to the Comparative analysis of the "good practice" examples of the similar cities in Italy, the valorization of space and approaching the basic goal of the research has been performed. The aim of the research of this paper is to achieve the most effective urban regeneration and the new level of intervention along with the settings of guidelines for improving the quality of the completely coverage of the zone in which the complex is located, not only the certain zone of the industrial complex.