Northern Cyprus

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Cyprus ◽  
City State ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
Greek Island

When the island of Cyprus was divided and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus was formed, the majority of the finest tourist facilities and beaches were in the north, as was much of the best farming land. Today Northern Cyprus is a beautiful and hospitable country not visited enough by Western tourists, but highly rewarding to those who do visit there. Ancient Salamis is the most impressive and extensive site in Northern Cyprus, and the most visited. More than any of the other archaeological sites on Cyprus, north or south, Salamis reveals the nature of Roman life on the island. Salamis is only 6 miles north of Gazimagusa/Famagusta, some 40 miles east of Girne, and 30 miles east of the Ercan airport. Follow the signs to Gazimagusa, then to ancient Salamis. A small road turns off to the right toward the sea; the entrance to the site is behind a small restaurant overlooking the fine beach and beautiful water beyond, a delightful place for a cooling drink after touring the ruins. In the summer it is likely to be quite hot at the site (and dehydrating), so it is best to arrive early. Perhaps plan on viewing the St. Barnabas monastery and church during the heat of the day. Salamis took its name and its Mycenaean culture from the Greek island of the same name (close to the Athenian port of Piraeus). By the 8th century B.C.E. it was already the leading city-state of the ten others on Cyprus. The city led in the rebellion against the Persians at the battle of Salamis (5th century B.C.E.), which was lost largely because of the defection of the city-state of Kourion. Salamis later supported Alexander the Great in his wars with the Persians, and it subsequently prospered for a brief time. But when Ptolemy I, one of the successors to Alexander, besieged the city, its last king, Nicocreon, committed suicide rather than surrender. His remaining relatives did the same, burning down the palace in the process. During the Roman period Salamis remained an important trading center, though Paphos was the new capital and developed a large Jewish population.

scholarly journals A study on family opinions concerning services provided in special education centers

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-192
Author(s):  
Necla Isıkdogan Ugurlu ◽  
Nilay Kayhan
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
City Center ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Northern Cyprus ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Special Education Process ◽  
The City

This study is to diagnose and evaluate children with different special needs medically and educationally, and as a result of those evaluations, to identify families’ expectations, opinions and suggestions concerning the special education process, services and the functioning of special education institutions. The mothers of 5 children who attended special education centers located in the city center of Nicosia in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, were included. The data of the study was gathered through semi-structured interviews and the study has been designed with the research method qualitatively. The opinions of mothers were gathered under 5 main themes. The study results show that children who were diagnosed/evaluated at an early stage were integrated into education earlier and benefit more from special education institutions compared to other children. Furthermore, another conclusion of the study is that mothers’ anxiety and stress decreases as the social support they receive increases.

The Athenian Empire

2009 ◽  
pp. 64-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polly Low
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Imperialism ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many ◽  
City State ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

This article argues that problems of terminology also plague the study of the Athenian Empire, drawing attention to the many ancient Greek words that have been translated as ‘empire’. Arriving at the right terms to describe Athenian ‘imperialism’ would go hand in hand with the larger process of understanding other features of Athens' hegemony. For example, while the financial aspects of the Athenian Empire are heavily discussed, the cultural imperialism of the city-state still needs to be analysed more fully. Further study may well show that the major importance of the empire lies in its role as the transmitter of Hellenic culture during the period of Athens' dominance and not in its place as a decisive moment in the history of imperialism.

The Egba at Abeokuta: Acculturation and Political Change, 1830–1870

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Change ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
City State ◽  
The Military ◽  
The City

Following the establishment of the city-state of Abeokuta, the Egba and Owu returned to the forms of government known and respected before the retreat from the north, each township running its own affairs and reclaiming old prerogatives. This urban parochialism proved increasingly cumbersome after the death of Sodeke, when, without effective central leadership, the Ogboni and Ologun manœuvred for political predominance.These difficulties were compounded after mid-century as the tempo of economic and cultural change quickened in southern Yorubaland. The Egba were intent on establishing themselves as commercial middlemen between the coast and interior. On the one hand, they were thus drawn into the ever-widening focus of European economic and political influence and demands radiating from Lagos. On the other, seeds of change were planted at Abeokuta itself: European merchants, missionaries, and Saros, who were soon promoting new economic forms and demanding political expression.The formal appearance of the Saros as political contenders in 1860 coincided with the breakdown of the uneasy Yoruba peace. Their first bid for power was consequently unsuccessful, and, as the war progressed, the military became the controlling political force. In fact civil government came close to vanishing completely during the next five years, a point of near-anarchy being reached, and with deteriorating relations with Lagos.

scholarly journals Chronology of a Medieval complex from the Papskoye settlement (forest-steppe of Western Siberia)

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
N.P. Matveeva ◽  
E.A. Tret'iakov ◽  
A.S. Zelenkov
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Middle Ages ◽  
The Right

A large number of imported items found in the occupation layers of archaeological sites in the Trans-Urals and Western Siberia suggest that, in the Middle Ages, these regions were on the periphery of trade routes and were involved in global historical events. In this connection, the dating of material culture provides details about trade and economic, as well as social and political, aspects of the life of communities of the past. One of the new archaeological sites allowing the dynamics of material culture to be traced is a multi-layered Papskoye settlement. This site constitutes a fortification having two areas and powerful defensive lines, located on top of the right-bank terrace of the Iset River. In this study, structures attributed to different chronological periods were analysed and artefacts were collected (7th century BC — 14th century AD). Nevertheless, collections of items dating back to the High Middle Ages (late 9th — early 14th centuries) are the most representative as they most objectively reflect the historical and cultural processes that took place in this region. Most of the finds of arrowheads, elements of cloth-ing and horse harnesses, as well as household items, in the Papskoye settlement belong to this time. In this study, we used a comparative-typological method followed by the identification of the types of things. In order to establish the most accurate chronological framework, as well as to determine the primary centres for the production of certain items, we applied the method of analogy using a wide range of material culture from the neighbouring territories, which include Altai, Mongolia, Volga region, Kama area, the Caucasus, the north of Western Siberia, etc. In this study, we identified two chronological phases within the High Middle Ages using the materials of the Papskoye fortified settlement: 1) late 9th — 12th centuries; 2) late 12th — early 14th centuries. They correspond to the period when the carriers of the Yudino and Chiyalik cultures inhabited this site. In addition, a large number of direct analogies with the neighbouring territories suggests that the territory of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals was located on the periphery of trade routes through which imports came from Southern Siberia, Volga Bulgaria and the Upper Kama area.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL TOPOGRAPHY OF LUBECH IN 10th—11th CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
O. M. Veremeychyk
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
Burial Mounds ◽  
The City

The antiquities of Lubech of the 10th — the beginning 11th century are represented by cultural layer, fixed on large territory, burial assemblages and structures (residential, household, defensive) of this time, as well as finds of hoards and single coins. The complex of archaeological sites of Lubech 10th century consists of settlements, suburbs (posads) and burial mounds. Settlements are located along the edge of the indigenous terrace of the left bank of the Dnieper River (Lysa Gora, Zamkova Gora, Gorodische—1, settlement Monastyrische). Posads adjoining them from the east and south. Podil (down town) is located under the settlements, in the floodplain of the Dnieper river. From the north, east and south, the territory of the city was surrounded by burial mounds. In 1947 O. O. Popko recorded 6 mound groups which were located in the central part of the settlement (Dubret site), on Lysa Gora (Mokriivshchina site), northwest of the settlement, near the Dnieper floodplain (Chabotok site), in the northern part of Lubech, on Visokomy Poli (Kolovoroty site), east of Lubech (Duhivschina site) and in the southern part of the settlement, near the Podolnitsky Gora (settlement Monastyrische), in Kurgan site. In 2017—19, the remains of mounds near house of P. Polubotok were also archaeologically recorded. During the end of 19th — beginning 21st centuries in different mound groups of Lubech 39 burials 10th — early 11th centuries have been excavated. The diversity of burial rites in the mound groups of Lubech testifies of the variegated nature of the Lubech population at the initial stage of its existence. Residential and household buildings of this time are recorded at Zamkova Gora, Horodysche 1 and Lubechposad. Some of them contained the hand-made and wheel-made pottery of Romenska culture. At the settlement Zamkova Gora the residential buildings of the 10th century which consisted of one row of structure were found. Three dwellings with clay ovens located in the southern corners of the structures were discovered. Ovens were built either using clay rollers or stone. In all constructions the hand-made pottery of Romenska culture was dominated but some fragments of early whel-made pottery were also occurred. Two more residential buildings with Romenska culture hand-made ceramics were found at the posad of Lubech. The residential and utility buildings of the 10th century with the wheel-made pottery were also discovered. Some sites with the hand-made pottery of Romenska culture were partially excavated at the Horodysche 1. Hoards and individual finds of Arab coins and single finds of Byzantine coins of 10th — beginning of 11th century come from Lubech. Analyzing the archaeological material it can be concluded that Lubech probably originated at the turn of the 9th—10th centuries, and in the mid-10th century it was already the significant center of Eastern Europe.

London in the Roman World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Perring
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
The North ◽  
North Side ◽  
New Information ◽  
History Of ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
The City ◽  
Narrative Account

This original study draws on the results of latest discoveries to describe London’s Roman origins. It presents a wealth of new information from one of the world’s most intensively studied archaeological sites, introducing many original ideas concerning London’s economic and political history. The archaeological discoveries are used to build a narrative account that explains how recent investigations in London challenge our understanding of the ancient world. The Roman city was probably converted from a fort built on the north side of London Bridge at the time of the Roman conquest, and is the place where the emperor Claudius arrived en route to claim his victory in AD 43. It was rebuilt as the commanding site for Rome’s rule of Britain. A history of social, architectural, and economic development is reconstructed from precise tree-ring dating, and used to show that investment in the urban infrastructure was provoked by the needs of military campaigns and political strategies. The story also shows how the city suffered violent destruction in resistance to Roman rule, and was brought to the verge of collapse by pandemics and political insecurity in the second and third centuries. These events had a critical bearing on the reforms of late antiquity, from which London emerged as a defended administrative enclave. Always a creature of the centralized Roman administration, and largely dependent on colonial immigration, the city was subsequently deserted when Rome failed to maintain political control. This ground-breaking study brings new information and arguments drawn from urban archaeology to our study of the way in which Rome ruled, and how empire failed.

The Roman Wall

1932 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-162
Author(s):  
J. J. R. Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Solid Rock ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
The Road ◽  
Simple Matter ◽  
The North ◽  
Bridge Abutment ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

In the first number of Greece and Rome Mr. Symonds reminded us that the bearing of art and archaeology on literature can be studied by visits to sites and museums, and suggested that ‘even a holiday expedition to the Roman Wall is not beyond the bounds of ambition’. Indeed, once Newcastle or Carlisle is reached the motor-car has made a trip to the Wall a simple matter. A cursory visit starting from Newcastle takes but a few hours. A twenty-mile drive over the West Turnpike, Wade's Road as it is popularly called, along the line of the Wall with the earthworks visible for most of the way and a fragment of the Wall itself to be seen not far from the city boundary, brings us to Chesters. Here is the camp, or more properly fort, of Cilurnum, the fort baths, the bridge abutment, and the museum. After Chesters we travel a further ten miles. A substantial length of the Wall is soon seen on the right, while the earthworks line both sides of the road for most of the way, and at Limestone Bank are cut through solid rock. Then with less than half a mile's walk across the fields we come to Housesteads. Here we can see the fort of Borcovicium (or Borcovicus), and then walk a few hundred yards to the west to see a milecastle and get the well-known view of the Wall at Cuddy's Crag. If the start is from Carlisle the mileage is more, Housesteads being about half-way to Newcastle but Chesters ten miles farther east. If we come from the south by road we may leave the North Road at Durham and travelling by Lanchester, Consett, and Corbridge (Corstopitum), join the West Turnpike at Portgate where the Roman Road of the first of the Antonine Itineraries passed through the Wall on its way to the Cheviots and Scotland: or we may turn off earlier and make for Teesdale and Alston, to join the West Turnpike three miles north of Haltwhistle.

scholarly journals The Cyprus Issue: Reflection on TRNC

2012 ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Md Ataur Rahman Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Northern Cyprus ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
Of Greece

Cyprus is a Eurasian island country located in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. At a strategic location in the Middle East, Cyprus has been occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Hittites, Assyrians, Egyptians, Persians, Rashidun and Umayyad Arab caliphates, Lusignans, Venetians, and Ottomans. Settled by Mycenean Greeks in the 2nd millennium BCE, the island also experienced long periods of Greek rule under the Ptolemaic Egyptians and the Byzantines. In 333 BC, Alexander the Great conquered the island from the Persians. The Ottoman Empire conquered the island in 1571 and it remained under Ottoman control for over three centuries. It was placed under British administration in 1878 until it was granted independence in 1960, becoming a member of the Commonwealth the following year. In this paper an attempt is made to discuss the details about the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) commonly called Northern Cyprus, which is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus recognized only by Turkey and the problems associated with it. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/afj.v4i0.12937 The Arts Faculty Journal Vol.4 July 2010-June 2011 pp.137-146

“The Public Has The Right to be Protected From A Deadly Scourge”: Debating Quarantine, Migration and Liberal Governance during the 1847 Typhus Outbreak in Montreal1

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Horner
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Government ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Reasonable Doubt ◽  
The North ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Right ◽  
Social Upheaval ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

During the summer of 1847 the impact of famine, disease, and social upheaval in Ireland was felt in port cities across the North Atlantic World. As an important hub of commerce and migration, Montreal was deeply affected by these events. The arrival of thousands of Irish migrants, many of whom had contracted typhus during their journey, touched off a contentious debate in the city. An engaged and alarmed public threw their support behind a proposal put forward by representatives of the municipal government that called for the construction of an elaborate quarantine facility just down the St. Lawrence River from the city. This facility, which migrants would be confined at until their healthy status was confirmed beyond reasonable doubt, promised to return order not only to Montreal, but to the entire migration process. The body appointed by the colonial administration, however, rejected the proposal, and tabled a far more modest plan that would continue to house migrants in sheds located just a stone’s throw away from the city’s western suburbs. The highly charged debate that ensued furnishes us with an opportunity to examine how the city’s political elite and the broader public were thinking through questions about migration, public health, and the contours of liberal governance. The objective of this article is to consider the role that moments of crisis such as this played in shaping the city’s political culture, and to place the events of 1847 in the context of the larger struggle between local and metropolitan authority occurring during this period.

After the fall of Babylon: A new look at the presentation scene on Assurbanipal relief BM ME 124945–6

Iraq ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 105-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Novotny ◽  
C. E. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
British Museum ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
The North ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
The Right ◽  
Upper Register ◽  
The City ◽  
Wheeled Vehicles ◽  
Ground Line

BM ME 124945–6, a relief of Assurbanipal, was discovered in the ruins of Room M (the so-called ‘Throne Room’) of the North Palace in the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, and is now on display in the British Museum (Fig. 1). The slabs are divided into two registers: an upper register and a lower register, which are separated by a broad wavy band, each side of which forms the bank of a river. Two rivers flow horizontally in parallel in the centre of the slabs. The presentation scene appears in the lower register, which shows the Assyrian king Assurbanipal (668–631 BC) reviewing war spoils taken from Babylon after the city was captured by the Assyrian army in late 648 BC. The aim of this paper is to examine the spoils represented on the relief and, by carefully analysing Assurbanipal's inscriptions, to clarify how textual accounts of the event or events are reflected in the narrative scheme of the composition.The presentation scene is further divided into three rows by simple horizontal lines, each forming a ground line that normally indicates the recession of space based on the principle of “vertical perspective” in which distant figures are placed higher than nearer ones. The king is represented on the right of the scene, occupying the upper and middle rows (Fig. 2). He is mounted on a chariot and is accompanied by courtiers and soldiers who all face to the left of the scene. An epigraph is engraved above the horses of the king's chariot. On the far side of the scene, Assyrian soldiers, in the upper row, proceed towards the king. The first person is a eunuch raising his right hand; he is followed by a bearded man (Fig. 3). Then there are three soldiers, each holding a particular item of booty (Fig. 4). These men are followed by two wheeled vehicles: one is carried on the shoulders of several men (Fig. 5) and the other pulled by a group of soldiers (Fig. 6). To the far left of the scene, prisoners are led away by soldiers. In the middle row, four foreigners face right (Fig. 7), and behind them stand two scribes making a record in front of one pile of bows and quivers and another of severed heads (Fig. 8). More soldiers follow from the left with a team of horses. The lower row shows a procession of prisoners; all of them move from left to right (Fig. 9). To the far left, there are two sets of chariots, the horses of which are being led by soldiers (Figs. 10 and 11). The overall composition, except for the lower row, is arranged symmetrically facing to the centre, with special emphasis on the king.

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