Barreras, facilitadores y estrategias que influyen en la participación femenina en juntas directivas de federaciones deportivas chilenas (Barriers, facilitators and strategies that influence women's participation on boards of directors of Chilean sports

La brecha de género sobre la participación femenina en puestos de toma de decisiones está evidenciada en las organizaciones deportivas. Las juntas directivas de las Federaciones Deportivas chilenas no están ajenas a esta situación. Por ello, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar barreras, facilitadores y estrategias que influyen en la participación y desarrollo de las mujeres en cargos directivos en las Federaciones Deportivas de Chile. El método fue de tipo cualitativo con enfoque descriptivo y, la técnica fue la entrevista personal mediante aplicación de un guion semi-estructurado de preguntas. Durante octubre y noviembre de 2020 se desarrollaron entrevistas virtuales a mujeres que formaban parte de juntas directivas de federaciones deportivas. El análisis se realizó mediante categorías de análisis y codificaciones empleando el software Atlas. Ti. Las barreras identificadas se asocian a situaciones familiares tales como el cuidado de miembros de la familia. También se reconoce la existencia de prejuicios asociados a estereotipos de género en las funciones que se desempeñan; subestimación de las opiniones femeninas y desarrollo de los cargos en ambientes masculinizados que invisibilizan a las mujeres. Como agentes facilitadores se identifica el soporte familiar; el tener una profesión, experiencia laboral y capacitación en gestión deportiva, junto con algunos aspectos de la personalidad de las dirigentes. Como estrategias se releva la necesidad de un cambio cultural al interior de las federaciones en torno a la participación femenina, implementar cuotas de participación por género y desarrollar programas de capacitación en liderazgo para las mujeres. Abstract. The gender gap in female participation in decision-making positions is evident in sports organizations. The boards of directors of Chilean sports federations are no strangers to this situation. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine barriers, facilitators and strategies that influence the participation and development of women in managerial positions in Chilean Sports Federations. The method was qualitative with a descriptive approach and the technique was the personal interview through the application of a semi-structured script of questions. During October and November 2020, virtual interviews were conducted with women who were members of the boards of directors of sports federations. The analysis was carried out through categories of analysis and coding using Atlas. Ti. The barriers identified are associated with family situations such as caring for family members. The existence of prejudices associated with gender stereotypes in the functions performed, underestimation of women's opinions and the development of positions in masculinized environments that make women invisible are also recognized. Family support is identified as facilitating agents, having a profession, work experience and training in sports management, together with some aspects of the leaders' personalities. As strategies, the need for a cultural change within the federations regarding women's participation, the implementation of participation quotas by gender and the development of leadership training programs for women were identified.

Representing Shylock: The Performance History of Shakespeare’s Jew as an Indicator and Instigator of Cultural Change

Since its earliest performances, The Merchant of Venice garnered attention for its depiction of Shylock, the greedy Jewish moneylender who takes the protagonist of the play to court, demanding a pound of flesh. Over the centuries, depictions of this character have varied as much as the critical and popular reception to him. In the hands of each actor who newly embodies the character, Shylock can take the shape of a grotesque antisemitic caricature or a sympathetic anti-hero speaking truth to power. While Shylock began as a comic villain whose defeat allows the comedic resolution, almost all modern directors, actors, and audiences are forced to reckon with the cruel antisemitism voiced by the play’s protagonists. In tracing the performance history of this character from the turn of the 17th century, to the Third Reich, to his most recent incarnations, this research resists reducing Shylock to any single interpretation. Instead, this essay argues that Shylock serves as a reflection of the place and time in which he is performed, both an indicator of cultural attitudes and a potential instigator of cultural action towards oppression, justice, and representation of those deemed outsiders.

The ongoing challenge of managing and preventing hospital-acquired infections

Lucy Williamson discusses the issues that often lie behind non-compliance with infection prevention strategies among healthcare staff, and how managers can improve compliance by facilitating cultural change.

An Alternative to Socio-Economic Injustice

Individuals have responded with a variety of responses to crises such as war, natural disasters, famine, and pandemics. These are times when people have pulled together to overcome these challenges, or sometimes have divided themselves ideologically, politically, and behaviorally. This chapter addresses some of those characteristics within the United States affecting national and global relationships in the 21st century. The authors support the perception that there is a need for behavioral and cultural change—caring. Specifically, the authors propose an alternative paradigm: the development and sustainability of a “culture of care” as an interdisciplinary approach for national behaviors and international collaboration. The work of two American scholars, Nel Noddings and Jean Watson, center on the importance of the philosophy of care, caring theory, and practice in education and nursing. Going forward to more international crises such as climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, and poverty and hunger, the authors look to a more equitable and collaborative means to address these problems.

Los Planes de igualdad de oportunidades como instrumento de una política de cambio social

On many occasions, politics is intended to achieve lofty objectives of social and cultural change related to the achievement of real equality between women and men, but for this, the institutionalization of equality bodies at different levels of government and instruments is unavoidable. Those enable the actions necessary for the implementation of these policies. In this article, a content analysis of the equality plans developed in the municipalities of the Murcia Region is carried out, with the aim of knowing the impact that equality legislation has on the development of equality plans at the municipal level, as well as whether they have served as an instrument of social change policies. En numerosas ocasiones, desde la política se pretende alcanzar excelsos objetivos de cambio social y cultural relacionados con la consecución de la igualdad real entre mujeres y hombres, pero para ello es ineludible la institucionalización de organismos de igualdad en los diferentes niveles de gobierno y de instrumentos que posibiliten las acciones necesarias para la implementación de esas políticas. En el presente artículo se realiza un análisis de contenido de los Planes de igualdad desarrollados en los municipios de la Región de Murcia, con el objetivo de conocer la incidencia que tiene la legislación en igualdad sobre el desarrollo de Planes de igualdad en el ámbito municipal, así como si los mismos han servido como instrumento de políticas de cambio social.

A Perspective on Patient Centricity in Health Ecosystem: A Call for an Enabling Culture

Today, patients are more empowered and informative than ever because of which the aim of the health ecosystem is to centre on the patient centred goals. The term patient centricity is no longer a health care buzzword; however, a lot needs to be done to implement this concept in the real world. Therefore, the objective of the current research is to bring in the importance of cultural change in the health ecosystem for the smooth flow of patient centricity. The current research is exploratory in nature that tried to explore the concept of patient centricity in the health ecosystem through literature and interviews. The research utilized secondary sources such as Journal articles, reports, and such others to draw how OCTAPACE culture is important in health ecosystem for promoting patient centricity. The eight strong pillars of OCTAPACE are Openness, Confrontation, Trust, Autonomy, Proactivity, Authenticity, Collaboration, and Experimentation and its relationship with patient centricity is proposed. The researchers can reasonably deduce that patient centricity requires a changed mindset and vision shared by all the stakeholders. For this, support from regulators, pharmaceutical companies, health care professionals etc. are required. The current research is among a few researches that highlights the importance of OCTAPACE culture in health ecosystem. This construct to meet patient centric goals is worthy of additional study. From the practical standpoint, training can be provided to all the employees of the entire health ecosystem to incorporate the OCTAPACE culture and to meet the demands of the patients and caregivers.

Bedside rationing in cancer care: Patient advocate perspective

Rationing in healthcare remains very much a taboo topic. Before COVID-19, it rarely received public attention, even when it occurred in everyday practices, mainly in the form of implicit rationing, as it continues to do today. There are different definitions, types and levels of healthcare rationing, according to different perspectives. With the aim of contributing to a more coherent debate on such a highly emotional healthcare issue as rationing, here are provided a number of reflections from a patient advocate perspective which are specifically focused on bedside rationing, the most troublesome level, both for patients and clinicians, particularly in regard to cancer care. Oncology, with its numerous expensive therapies and increasing number of patients, is undeniably one of the main areas contributing to the increase in healthcare costs. However, the fixed budgets of today's publicly financed health systems cannot allow unlimited access to the potentially beneficial treatments to all patients. Bedside rationing constitutes the last phase of many decision-making processes occurring at different interrelated levels (macro-levels), both inside and outside healthcare systems, which implicitly and inevitably result in a bottleneck determined by the upstream decisions themselves. Shifting from implicit to explicit bedside rationing essentially means moving from a paternalistic to a citizen-before-patient approach; this implies, first of all, a cultural change. Practical bedside rationing is an ethically complex topic, but one that needs to be urgently addressed in a transparent and open debate. In this scenario, the oncological community – patients, patient advocates and clinicians – can and should play an important role.