Markoff’s Theorem for Approximations

2018 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
Christophe Reutenauer
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Continued Fraction ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Periodic Pattern ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Error Terms

This chapter provesMarkoff’s theorem for approximations: if x is an irrational real number such that its Lagrange number L(x) is <3, then the continued fraction of x is ultimately periodic and has as periodic pattern a Christoffel word written on the alphabet 11, 22. Moreover, the bound is attained: this means that there are indeed convergents whose error terms are correctly bounded. For this latter result, one needs a lot of technical results, which use the notion of good and bad approximation of a real number x satisfying L(x) <3: the ranks of the good and bad convergents are precisely given. These results are illustrated by the golden ratio and the number 1 + square root of 2.

Words and Quadratic Numbers

2018 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Christophe Reutenauer
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Continued Fraction ◽  
Periodic Sequence ◽  
Periodic Pattern ◽  
Conjugation Class

This chapter offers an overview of words and quadratic numbers, and in particular ordering the conjugates of a Christoffel word. Within this topic the reader learns that the reversal of a Christoffel word is a conjugate, and that the lower and upper Christoffel words of the same slope are the smallest and the largest in their conjugation class. The chapter discusses computation in terms ofMarkoff numbers of the quadratic real number which has a periodic continued fraction with periodic pattern equal to a Christoffel word written on the alphabet 11, 22. It also reviews computation of theMarkoff supremum of a periodic biinfinite sequence, and of theLagrange number of a periodic sequence, both having a periodic pattern as above.

scholarly journals Finding of principle square root of a real number by using interpolation method

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
Rajendra Prasad Regmi
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Positive Real Number ◽  
Interpolation Method ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Positive Real ◽  
Unknown Quantity ◽  
Square Roots

There are various methods of finding the square roots of positive real number. This paper deals with finding the principle square root of positive real numbers by using Lagrange’s and Newton’s interpolation method. The interpolation method is the process of finding the values of unknown quantity (y) between two known quantities.

scholarly journals A note on machine method for root extraction

2022 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Saroj Kumar Padhan ◽  
S. Gadtia
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Newton’S Method ◽  
Newton's Method ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Square Root ◽  
Machine Method ◽  
Iteration Formula ◽  
Root Extraction

The present investigation deals with the critical study of the works of Lancaster and Traub, who have developed $n$th root extraction methods of a real number. It is found that their developed methods are equivalent and the particular cases of Halley's and Householder's methods. Again the methods presented by them are easily obtained from simple modifications of Newton's method, which is the extension of Heron's square root iteration formula. Further, the rate of convergency of their reported methods are studied.

scholarly journals On Generalization of Fibonacci, Lucas and Mulatu Numbers

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Agung Prabowo
Keyword(s):  
Continued Fraction ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Fibonacci Numbers ◽  
Lucas Numbers ◽  
Binet Formula

Fibonacci numbers, Lucas numbers and Mulatu numbers are built in the same method. The three numbers differ in the first term, while the second term is entirely the same. The next terms are the sum of two successive terms. In this article, generalizations of Fibonacci, Lucas and Mulatu (GFLM) numbers are built which are generalizations of the three types of numbers. The Binet formula is then built for the GFLM numbers, and determines the golden ratio, silver ratio and Bronze ratio of the GFLM numbers. This article also presents generalizations of these three types of ratios, called Metallic ratios. In the last part we state the Metallic ratio in the form of continued fraction and nested radicals.

AN EXACT FORMULA FOR THE HARMONIC CONTINUED FRACTION

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
MARTIN BUNDER ◽  
PETER NICKOLAS ◽  
JOSEPH TONIEN
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Continued Fraction ◽  
Positive Real Number ◽  
Exact Formula ◽  
Positive Real ◽  
Image Position

For a positive real number $t$ , define the harmonic continued fraction $$\begin{eqnarray}\text{HCF}(t)=\biggl[\frac{t}{1},\frac{t}{2},\frac{t}{3},\ldots \biggr].\end{eqnarray}$$ We prove that $$\begin{eqnarray}\text{HCF}(t)=\frac{1}{1-2t(\frac{1}{t+2}-\frac{1}{t+4}+\frac{1}{t+6}-\cdots \,)}.\end{eqnarray}$$

scholarly journals On Absolutely Normal and Continued Fraction Normal Numbers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2019 (19) ◽  
pp. 6136-6161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Becher ◽  
Sergio A Yuhjtman
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Continued Fractions ◽  
Continued Fraction ◽  
Main Difficulty ◽  
Normal Numbers ◽  
Continued Fraction Expansion ◽  
Mathematical Operations ◽  
Construction Works

Abstract We give a construction of a real number that is normal to all integer bases and continued fraction normal. The computation of the first n digits of its continued fraction expansion performs in the order of n4 mathematical operations. The construction works by defining successive refinements of appropriate subintervals to achieve, in the limit, simple normality to all integer bases and continued fraction normality. The main difficulty is to control the length of these subintervals. To achieve this we adapt and combine known metric theorems on continued fractions and on expansions in integers bases.

scholarly journals A curiosity About (−1)[e] +(−1)[2e] + ··· +(−1)[Ne]

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Francesco Amoroso ◽  
Moubinool Omarjee
Keyword(s):  
Real Number ◽  
Continued Fraction ◽  
Continued Fraction Expansion ◽  
Partial Quotients

AbstractLet α be an irrational real number; the behaviour of the sum SN (α):= (−1)[α] +(−1)[2α] + ··· +(−1)[Nα] depends on the continued fraction expansion of α/2. Since the continued fraction expansion of \sqrt 2 /2 has bounded partial quotients, {S_N}\left( {\sqrt 2 } \right) = O\left( {\log \left( N \right)} \right) and this bound is best possible. The partial quotients of the continued fraction expansion of e grow slowly and thus {S_N}\left( {2e} \right) = O\left( {{{\log {{\left( N \right)}^2}} \over {\log \,\log {{\left( N \right)}^2}}}} \right), again best possible. The partial quotients of the continued fraction expansion of e/2 behave similarly as those of e. Surprisingly enough 1188.

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