Blurring the Borders

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-123
Author(s):  
Einar Lie
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
First Generation ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This chapter looks at the criticism of Norges Bank’s role during the First World War. In particular, historian and economist Wilhelm Keilhau severely criticized Norges Bank in his comprehensive review of economic policy during the war. Keilhau commented that, together with the captains of finance, the central bank contributed to ‘the destruction of the Norwegian monetary system, which the first generation after 1814 had made tremendous sacrifices to establish and which had been in pristine order for 62 years’. By suspending the banks’ obligation to redeem banknotes for gold, and then issuing massive amounts of notes, in addition to the financing of and integration into government activities, Norges Bank’s monetary policy has been largely held responsible for the sharp rise in inflation and krone depreciation—and by implication for the strongly criticized parity policy of the 1920s. As a non-belligerent country, one would have thought that the mandate for Norges Bank’s activities would have remained more or less intact. The chapter explains why that did not come to be.

Postwar Alignment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James Bytheway ◽  
Mark Metzler
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
First World War ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
World War ◽  
National Currencies ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This chapter focuses on the alignment of Japanese, American, and British central bank policies after the First World War. The gold convertibility of national currencies had been suspended during the war. Prices in each of the three countries doubled, while the purchasing power of gold also declined substantially. The restoration of gold-based monetary systems now seemed to demand deflation and austerity. The “restoration” period that began in 1919 signified the beginning of a historic increase in the purchasing power of gold. Ultimately, during the 1930s, the purchasing power of gold would reach the highest levels since the sixteenth century. Deflation and austerity were thus integral to the program of central bank cooperation, which people understand as the world's first internationally coordinated monetary policy.

scholarly journals Forgoten authores Nikica Bovolini a contribution to illuminating an unknown literary work

2016 ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Vera Crljic
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
First World War ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
School Of Nursing ◽  
Literary Character ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

The paper deals with the work of the little-known writer Nikica Bovolini (Dubrovnik, 1899 - Belgrade, 1975). She published a book of short stories entitled Between Light and Darkness (Izmedju svijetla i tmine), in Dubrovnik, in 1921. The copy of this book kept in the holdings of the National Library of Serbia in Belgrade is unique because it contains a handwritten addition - the autograph of a poem entitled To the Serbian Warrior (Srpskom ratniku), signed by the authoress. In this poem, dated in Dubrovnik in 1918, written at the end of the First World War, the young poetess Nikica Bovolini expresses sincere admiration for the Serbian soldier as a liberator of the Adriatic. The short stories in this collection were written at the end of the Great War or immediately after it, mostly inspired by the struggle for freedom and unification of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, as well as by the importance of educating young generations and the development of science in creating a better society. In periodical publications between the two world wars appeared a small number of her poems and three articles that were not of literary character. The full extent of her creativity is unknown. Nikica Bovolini was from the first generation of nurses that graduated from the School of Nursing of the Red Cross Society of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, founded in 1921 in Belgrade. As an instructor and assistant to the headmistress of the School of Nursing she significantly contributed to the organization and education of nurses in Yugoslavia after the First World War.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of quantitative indicators of Polish Constitutions

Legal Ukraine ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Vasyl Patlachuk
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
First Generation ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The process of development of Polish constitutionalism is considered in the work. The first legal act, which had the features of the Constitution were the Articles of King Henry of Valois. The reason for preparing this document was the need to conclude an agreement between the heir to the French throne and the Polish nobility, who wanted to preserve their rights and freedoms. The content of this document was influenced by the Great Charter of Freedoms «Magna Garta» of 1215, which reflected the mechanism of limiting state power through the establishment of material and procedural requirements for its implementation. In order to conduct a comparative analysis of the Constitutions adopted in Poland, the method of quantitative indicators proposed by O. L. Kopylenko and B. V. Kindyuk was used, which calculated the number of signs in different articles, chapters, sections, parts of regulations. According to this methodology, the Articles focused on the work of the Seimas – 17%, military issues – 6.7%, the judiciary – 5.6%. In jurisprudence, it is common to distinguish four main stages of the formation of constitutionalism: I generation – the end of the XVIII century. — the beginning of the XIX century; II generation — the period after the First World War; III generation — the stage after the end of the Second World War; Generation IV – the time after the collapse of the USSR. Based on this classification, the Polish Constitutions belong to the first generation: the Constitution of May 3, 1791; Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw of 1807; Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815. The Constitutions of the first generation include: the Constitution of May 3, 1791; Constitution of 1807; Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815. The constitutions of the second generation were adopted in the period after the end of the First World War, they reflected the processes of democratization of social and democratic life of countries and enshrined a significant amount of socio-economic human rights. Based on this classification, this group includes: the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic of 1919; Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1921; Constitution of the Republic of Poland of 1935. The constitutions of the third generation were adopted in the period after the end of the Second World War, and their content reflected the doctrine of the liberal model. Formally, this group included the Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic of 1952, but it was adopted during the Soviet occupation and introduced the Stalinist model of constitutional relations in the country. Generations of the IV generation were adopted after the collapse of the Soviet empire and reflected a new stage of state formation. In Poland, such a constitutional act was the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which was to ensure the transition from a socialist model to a market democratic state governed by the rule of law, the stabilization of national statehood and the proclamation of accession to the European Union. The next stage of the study is a comparative analysis of the quantitative indicators of the Polish Constitutions, which showed that the total number of signs during this historical period varied from the minimum in the Articles of Heinrich Valois — 14 640 zn. to the maximum — 89 524 zn. in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in 1997. An important indicator of the structure of constitutional acts is the number of articles (articles), which varied in a fairly wide range from 12 in the Constitution of 1791 to 243 in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland in 1997. Key words: Polish constitutionalism, quantitative indicators, comparative analysis, Articles by Heinrich Valois, total number of characters.

TURKESTAN TERRITORY DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Rakhbarkhon Khalikova ◽  
◽  
Kozimbek Tukhtabekov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The First World War ◽  
State Taxes ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Colonial Oppression ◽  
First World

The article raises questions about the socio-economic policy of the Russian Empire in Turkestan during the First World War, as well as the increase in state taxes on the working-age population to fill the state budget deficit, including the introduction of a special tax on cotton. It is important to deeply study the history of our people, who experienced all the suffering, hardships and deprivation of colonial oppression during the First World War, and to reveal the essence of the economic policy of the Russian Empire in our country

scholarly journals Historisising twentieth-century historiography

HISTOREIN ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Antonis Liakos
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First Generation ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

The twentieth century has been described as a dark century of wars, holocausts, death and pain. This is true, but it is only a partial image of the century. This article discusses five major challenges and their relations to historiography: a) the disintegration of empires, decolonisation and the rise of new nations; b) the impact of world wars (genocides, revolutions, totalitarian regimes); c) the boom in technoscience and the digital era; d) the ascent of rights, the transformation of gender relations and mass literacy; and e) globalisation. These changes were experienced by three generations of historians. The first generation appeared before the First World War, the second from 1918 to 1970 and the third from 1970. The question we pose is: has the history of historiography responded to these challenges or does it also have its internal logic? And how has it responded?

Die finanzielle Mobilmachung in Deutschland 1914-1918

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerd Hardach
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Government ◽  
First World ◽  
Military Production

AbstractThe First World War was not only a military conflict but also an economic war. In all belligerent countries, labour and resources were shifted from civil production to military production. Factory workers, miners and farmers produced a steady flow of supplies for the frontlines. Financial mobilization provided the money for arms, ammunition, and other supplies. In contemporary understanding “financial mobilization” comprised all fiscal and monetary instruments that were necessary to finance the war. The aim of this paper is to discuss the interaction between the government and the central bank in Germany in financing the First World War. Aspects include the pre-war plans for financial mobilization, the fiscal and monetary policies of the war years and their inflationary consequences, the financing of foreign trade and financial demobilization during the transition from war to peace.

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