I’ll Just Stay Home: Employment Inequality Among Parents

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-418
Author(s):  
Lindsay B Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Policy Objectives ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Employment Inequality

AbstractHow does homeownership magnify existing gender disparities in the labor markets of the rich OECD countries? Men and women, and especially mothers and fathers, respond to homeownership differently. Owners work more hours than renters but mothers experience an ownership penalty while fathers solidify their market attachment. Both responses increase the gender gap. As such, governments pursuing dual policy objectives of promoting homeownership and greater gender parity in the labor market will find their policies working at cross-purposes. This paper analyzes the effect of homeownership on labor market attachment and explains why mothers and fathers respond to it in different ways.

Gender Gap in Skill Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Anjuli Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Women And Girls

Achieving gender equality and empowering all women and girls is one of the 17 goals of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Unfortunately, gender inequality practices still occur in nearly all fields of development; one of which is the skill development. The India Skills Report 2017 highlighted the gap between men and women in gaining employment across all sectors. This chapter analyzes gender gap in skill development, identifies challenges of gender stereotyped labor market, assesses government programs for skill development, and suggests remedial measures to fill the gender gap in skill development. The chapter uses secondary sources like India Skill Report, Gender Gap Report, World Economic Forum, and UNDP reports related to skill development focusing on gender gaps. The chapter gives a clear understanding of gender gap, skill development, and the challenges faced by women in a gender stereotyped labor market. The chapter ends by suggesting measures to fill these gaps.

EVALUATING THE GENDER VARIATIONS IN INFORMAL SECTOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP: SOME LESSONS FROM BRAZIL

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 1350004 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN C WILLIAMS ◽  
YOUSSEF YOUSSEF
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Marginalized Populations ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender Variations ◽  
Micro Enterprises

The aim of this paper is to evaluate critically the gender variations in informal sector entrepreneurship. Until now, a widely-held belief has been that entrepreneurs operating in the informal sector in developing nations are lowly paid, poorly educated, marginalized populations doing so out of necessity as a survival strategy in the absence of alternatives. Reporting an extensive 2003 survey conducted in urban Brazil of informal sector entrepreneurs operating micro-enterprises with five or less employees, the finding is that although less than half of these entrepreneurs are driven out of necessity into entrepreneurial endeavor in the informal economy, women are more commonly necessity-driven entrepreneurs and receive lower incomes from their entrepreneurial endeavor than men despite being better educated. The outcome is a call to recognize how the gender disparities in the wider labor market are mirrored and reinforced by the participation of men and women in the realm of informal sector entrepreneurship.

scholarly journals The persistence of pay inequality: The gender pay gap in an anonymous online labor market

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leib Litman ◽  
Jonathan Robinson ◽  
Zohn Rosen ◽  
Cheskie Rosenzweig ◽  
Josh Waxman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Online Labor Markets ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Online Labor

Studies of the gender pay gap are seldom able to simultaneously account for the range of alternative putative mechanisms underlying it. Using CloudResearch, an online microtask platform connecting employers to workers who perform research-related tasks, we examine whether gender pay discrepancies are still evident in a labor market characterized by anonymity, relatively homogeneous work, and flexibility. For 22,271 Mechanical Turk workers who participated in nearly 5 million tasks we analyze hourly wages by gender, controlling for key covariates which have been shown previously to lead to differential pay for men and women. On average, women’s hourly earnings were 10.5% lower than men’s. Several factors contributed to the gender wage gap, including the tendency for women to select tasks that have lower advertised hourly pay. This study provides evidence that gender pay gaps can arise despite the absence of overt discrimination, labor segregation, and inflexible work arrangements, even after experience, education, and other human capital factors are controlled for. Findings highlight the need to examine other possible causes of the gender pay gap. Potential strategies for reducing the pay gap on online labor markets are also discussed.

Declining Gender Differences in Low-Wage Employment in Germany, Austria and Switzerland

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina-Sophie Fritsch ◽  
Roland Verwiebe ◽  
Bernd Liedl
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Market Risks ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Wage Employment

Abstract Although the low-wage employment sector has enlarged over the past 20 years in the context of pronounced flexibility in restructured labor markets, gender differences in low-wage employment have declined in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In this article, the authors examine reasons for declining gender inequalities, and most notably concentrate on explanations for the closing gender gap in low-wage employment risks. In addition, they identify differences and similarities among the German-speaking countries. Based on regression techniques and decomposition analyses (1996-2016), the authors find significantly decreasing labor market risks for the female workforce. Detailed analysis reveals that (1) the concrete positioning in the labor market shows greater importance in explaining declining gender differences compared to personal characteristics. (2) The changed composition of the labor markets has prevented the low-wage sector from increasing even more in general and works in favor of the female workforce and their low-wage employment risks in particular.

The gender gap in pre-career salary expectations: a test of five explanations

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 404-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Schweitzer ◽  
Sean Lyons ◽  
Lisa K.J. Kuron ◽  
Eddy S.W. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Work Values ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Salary Expectations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gender gap in pre-career salary expectations. Five major explanations are tested to explain the gap, as well as understand the relative contribution of each explanation. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 452 post-secondary students from Canada. Findings – Young women had lower initial and peak salary expectations than their male counterparts. The gap in peak salary could be explained by initial salary expectations, beta values, the interaction between beta values and gender, and estimations of the value of the labor market. Men and women in this study expected to earn a considerably larger peak salary than they expected for others. Research limitations/implications – Cross-sectional data cannot infer causality, and the Canadian sample may not be generalizable to other countries given that an economic downturn occurred at time of data collection. Research should continue to investigate how individuals establish initial salary expectations, while also testing more dynamic models given the interaction effect found in terms of gender and work values in explaining salary expectations. Practical implications – The majority of the gender gap in peak salary expectations can be explained by what men and women expect to earn immediately after graduation. Further, women and men have different perceptions of the value they attribute to the labor market and what might be a fair wage, especially when considering beta work values. Social implications – The data suggests that the gender-wage gap is likely to continue and that both young men and women would benefit from greater education and information with respect to the labor market and what they can reasonably expect to earn, not just initially, but from a long-term perspective. Originality/value – This study is the first to simultaneously investigate five theoretical explanations for the gender gap in pre-career expectations.

Stock and Labor Market Synchronization and Income Inequality: Evidence from OECD Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 09 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 1850003
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Alice Y. Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Capital Gains ◽  
Monetary Expansion ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

This paper formally tests how the synchronization of stock and labor markets can affect income inequality. The responsiveness of stock and labor markets to a monetary expansion is different, i.e., a stock market, in general, tends to respond much faster than labor market. When there is monetary expansion, stock market participants (usually the rich) can enjoy capital gains quicker than labor market participants (usually the poor). However, if a labor market is more synchronized with a stock market, the capital gains a rich can enjoy in a stock market would be faster matched by labor market response, leading to a shrinking income inequality. We empirically confirm the prediction with different synchronization measures, controlling endogeneity issues.

Gender and Labor Markets in Tunisia’s Lagging Regions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Hanmer ◽  
Edinaldo Tebaldi ◽  
Dorte Verner
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Central Regions

There are significant differences in labor market outcomes by gender in Tunisia. These gender differences differ substantially in the richer coastal and eastern regions and the poorer southern and western regions. This chapter uses the 2014 Tunisia Labor Market Panel Survey (TLMPS) to examine the characteristics of male and female labor market participants in the lagging southern, western, and central regions, and in the leading regions. The chapter also discusses results from an econometric analysis of the factors that influence monthly wages and the probability of employment for men and women respectively. Our results show that gender plays a huge role in labor market outcomes: women are less likely to participate in the labor force, are more likely to be unemployed, and receive lower wages. In addition, youth and educated women in lagging regions are particularly disadvantaged because they are less likely to find a job and may not have the option of moving to places where employment prospects are better. Moreover, our results suggest that wage discrimination against women is prevalent outside the leading region in Tunisia.

Different Governments, Different Interests: The Gender Gap in Political Interest

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Sánchez-Vítores
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Political Interest ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Proportional Reduction

Abstract In recent decades, differences between men and women have blurred in many social dimensions, including levels of educational attainment or access to the labor market. However, this increase in equality has not been reflected in a proportional reduction in the gender gap in political interest. This paper evaluates the extent of gender differences in political interest regarding different arenas, considering the moderating effect of marriage and caring for others using data from the Citizenship, Involvement, and Democracy Project. Although women generally find local politics more interesting than national politics, family, and caring responsibilities are still a source of disadvantage.

scholarly journals A Grand Gender Convergence: Its Last Chapter

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091-1119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Goldin
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Temporal Flexibility ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gender Convergence

The converging roles of men and women are among the grandest advances in society and the economy in the last century. These aspects of the grand gender convergence are figurative chapters in a history of gender roles. But what must the “last” chapter contain for there to be equality in the labor market? The answer may come as a surprise. The solution does not (necessarily) have to involve government intervention and it need not make men more responsible in the home (although that wouldn't hurt). But it must involve changes in the labor market, especially how jobs are structured and remunerated to enhance temporal flexibility. The gender gap in pay would be considerably reduced and might vanish altogether if firms did not have an incentive to disproportionately reward individuals who labored long hours and worked particular hours. Such change has taken off in various sectors, such as technology, science, and health, but is less apparent in the corporate, financial, and legal worlds. (JEL J3, J16, J22, J24, J31, J33, N3)

scholarly journals The impact of postponing motherhood on women's income in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Juliana Lopes Andrade ◽  
Marina Silva da Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Wage Penalty ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Earnings ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Postponement

This paper investigates the impact of the postponement of motherhood on women’s earnings and gender gap in Brazilian labor market, based on data from Brazilian National Health Survey of 2013. Using the Heckman (1979) approach, the results suggest that postponing motherhood has a positive impact of 1.55% on earnings each year of postponement. By comparing men and women, the results suggest that being a woman generates a wage penalty of approximately 22%, but the postponing of motherhood can eliminate that gender gap, especially for those who are white, yellow, and higher educated.

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