scholarly journals Addressing the Challenges of Pathogen Evolution on the World’s Arable Crops

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1117-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy J. Burdon ◽  
Jiasui Zhan ◽  
Luke G. Barrett ◽  
Julien Papaïx ◽  
Peter H. Thrall
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Developmental Constraints ◽  
Arable Crops ◽  
New Era ◽  
Resistance Strategies ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
The Many ◽  
Durable Disease Resistance

Advances in genomic and molecular technologies coupled with an increasing understanding of the fine structure of many resistance and infectivity genes, have opened up a new era of hope in controlling the many plant pathogens that continue to be a major source of loss in arable crops. Some new approaches are under consideration including the use of nonhost resistance and the targeting of critical developmental constraints. However, the major thrust of these genomic and molecular approaches is to enhance the identification of resistance genes, to increase their ease of manipulation through marker and gene editing technologies and to lock a range of resistance genes together in simply manipulable resistance gene cassettes. All these approaches essentially continue a strategy that assumes the ability to construct genetic-based resistance barriers that are insurmountable to target pathogens. Here we show how the recent advances in knowledge and marker technologies can be used to generate more durable disease resistance strategies that are based on broad evolutionary principles aimed at presenting pathogens with a shifting, landscape of fluctuating directional selection.

scholarly journals The barley immune receptor Mla recognizes multiple pathogens and contributes to host range dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Bettgenhaeuser ◽  
Inmaculada Hernández-Pinzón ◽  
Andrew M. Dawson ◽  
Matthew Gardiner ◽  
Phon Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Stripe Rust ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Species Specificity ◽  
Wheat Stripe Rust ◽  
Barley Powdery Mildew ◽  
Barley Stripe Rust

AbstractCrop losses caused by plant pathogens are a primary threat to stable food production. Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) is a fungal pathogen of cereal crops that causes significant, persistent yield loss. Stripe rust exhibits host species specificity, with lineages that have adapted to infect wheat and barley. While wheat stripe rust and barley stripe rust are commonly restricted to their corresponding hosts, the genes underlying this host specificity remain unknown. Here, we show that three resistance genes, Rps6, Rps7, and Rps8, contribute to immunity in barley to wheat stripe rust. Rps7 cosegregates with barley powdery mildew resistance at the Mla locus. Using transgenic complementation of different Mla alleles, we confirm allele-specific recognition of wheat stripe rust by Mla. Our results show that major resistance genes contribute to the host species specificity of wheat stripe rust on barley and that a shared genetic architecture underlies resistance to the adapted pathogen barley powdery mildew and non-adapted pathogen wheat stripe rust.

scholarly journals Gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 for the treatment of lung cancer

2016 ◽  
pp. 178-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Applied Sciences ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health Area

In 2015, the journal Science chose CRISPR-Cas9 technology as the most important technological advance of science in the last years. This magazine announced the beginning of a new era of biotechnology in which it would be possible to edit, correct and modify the genetic information of any cell in a feasible, fast and cheap way; and most importantly, with high precision. Its implementation in research laboratories in basic and applied sciences could help to develop therapeutic strategies for the health area with the main objective of healing diseases with a known genetic origin, and that until now have been impossible to cure

An Alternative Attachment System for Osseointegrated Hair Prostheses

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony S. Pignataro ◽  
Norman G. Schaaf
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Many ◽  
Craniofacial Implants ◽  
Replacement Prosthesis

The objective of this study was to find an alternative to the Zest abutment (Zest Anchors Inc., Escondido, California) for attachment of a hair-replacement prosthesis. Standard implantology and surgical techniques were used to place the craniofacial implants and subsequent abutments. The new ERA (APM-Sterngold, Attleboro, Massachusetts) abutments provided superb retention of the prosthesis. Indications are that the many forms of retention made possible by the various abutments available can provide multiple attachment alternatives.

scholarly journals TRI Genotyping and Chemotyping: A Balance of Power

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ria T. Villafana ◽  
Amanda C. Ramdass ◽  
Sephra N. Rampersad
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Data Validation ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Regulatory Decisions

Fusarium is among the top 10 most economically important plant pathogens in the world. Trichothecenes are the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by select species of Fusarium and cause acute and chronic toxicity in animals and humans upon exposure either through consumption and/or contact. There are over 100 trichothecene metabolites and they can occur in a wide range of commodities that form food and feed products. This review discusses strategies to mitigate the risk of mycotoxin production and exposure by examining the Fusarium-trichothecene model. Fundamental to mitigation of risk is knowing the identity of the pathogen. As such, a comparison of current, recommended molecular approaches for sequence-based identification of Fusaria is presented, followed by an analysis of the rationale and methods of trichothecene (TRI) genotyping and chemotyping. This type of information confirms the source and nature of risk. While both are powerful tools for informing regulatory decisions, an assessment of the causes of incongruence between TRI genotyping and chemotyping data must be made. Reconciliation of this discordance will map the way forward in terms of optimization of molecular approaches, which includes data validation and sharing in the form of accessible repositories of genomic data and browsers for querying such data.

scholarly journals Wet & Dry Lab Activities to Introduce Students to CRISPR-Based Gene Editing

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 315-322
Author(s):  
David Wollert
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Word Processor ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
New Era ◽  
Cultured Human Cells ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Science Educators

CRISPR (also known as CRISPR-Cas9) is a powerful biotechnology tool that gives scientists unprecedented access to the genetic makeup of all living organisms, including humans. It originally evolved as an adaptive immune system in bacteria to defend against viruses. When artificially harnessed in the laboratory it allows scientists to accurately and precisely edit genes almost as if using a word processor. In mice, CRISPR has already been used to treat diabetes, muscular dystrophy, cancer, and blindness. CRISPR has made cultured human cells immune to HIV, and a variety of CRISPR experiments involving human embryos are well under way. But CRISPR is not limited to biomedical applications. It is also revolutionizing the food industry and many areas of biological research. It is imperative that science educators help prepare students for this compelling new era of biology. This article presents wet and dry lab simulations to help introduce high school and undergraduate students to CRISPR-based gene editing technology.

scholarly journals Specific Resistance of Barley to Powdery Mildew, Its Use and Beyond: A Concise Critical Review

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonín Dreiseitl
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Specific Resistance ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Powdery mildew caused by the airborne ascomycete fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) is one of most common diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare). This, as with many other plant pathogens, can be efficiently controlled by inexpensive and environmentally-friendly genetic resistance. General requirements for resistance to the pathogens are effectiveness and durability. Resistance of barley to Bgh has been studied intensively, and this review describes recent research and summarizes the specific resistance genes found in barley varieties since the last conspectus. Bgh is extraordinarily adaptable, and some commonly recommended strategies for using genetic resistance, including pyramiding of specific genes, may not be effective because they can only contribute to a limited extent to obtain sufficient resistance durability of widely-grown cultivars. In spring barley, breeding the nonspecific mlo gene is a valuable source of durable resistance. Pyramiding of nonspecific quantitative resistance genes or using introgressions derived from bulbous barley (Hordeum bulbosum) are promising ways for breeding future winter barley cultivars. The utilization of a wide spectrum of nonhost resistances can also be adopted once practical methods have been developed.

scholarly journals Techno-Da’ie and Challenges in the 21st. Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 05046
Author(s):  
Datuk Su'aidi Dato' Safei
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Classical Method ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
New Era ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
Islamic Tradition ◽  
Modern Context ◽  
The Many ◽  
Speak Up

Education has always been instrumental in the dissemination of religious ideas, rituals and values. In the Islamic tradition it is the classical method of propagation and, therefore, education as a means of instructing and motivating (prospective) believers is an integral part of da’wah. Da’wah operates on two fronts: (i) towards Muslim who are perhaps unaware of Islam, maybe because of growing up in the western lifestyle and missing out of a proper Islamic education, and (ii) towards our non-muslim neighbours and colleagues, many of whom may be searching for truth. At the very least, we may be able to counter-act the many incorrect stereotypes of Islam and muslims, no one else will do this for us, we have to speak up and show by our behaviour what Islam is all about. By doing this, we may even bring people into the fold of Islam. Contemporary du'at face great challenges to systematize and to apply the practical methodology within the new era of modern context. This paper discusses some suggestions that Muslim du'at, individually and collectively can undertake to accomplish da’wah goals: i) performing da’wah through a worldwide Islamic movement, ii) strengthening da’wah with technology, iii) using communication media and conducting seminars and workshops, iv) displaying the real Islamic lifestyle.

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