scholarly journals The early adolescent brain on music: analysis of functional dynamics reveals engagement of orbitofrontal cortex reward system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Fasano ◽  
J. Cabral ◽  
A. Stevner ◽  
P. Vuust ◽  
P. Cantou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Locking ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Functional Dynamics ◽  
Functional Brain Networks ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hedonic Processing

AbstractMusic listening plays a pivotal role for children and adolescents, yet surprisingly few neuroimaging studies have studied the underlying functional dynamics. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to scan 17 preadolescents aged 10-11 years old while listening to music. We subsequently tracked the occurrence of functional brain networks over time by using a recent method that detects recurrent BOLD phase-locking states: the Leading Eigenvector Dynamics Analysis (LEiDA). In particular, we compared the probabilities of occurrence and switching profiles of different patterns of BOLD phase-locking between music and no music. Moreover, we used an adapted version of the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ) to measure the music reward sensitivity of the participants. Our results showed significantly increased occurrence of a BOLD phase-locking pattern during music listening compared to no music, characterized by a phase-shift in the BOLD signals of the medial orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortices – a brain subsystem associated to reward processing – from the rest of the brain. Moreover, we observed a significantly higher probability of switching to this pattern while listening to music. We also found a positive correlation between the individual musical reward sensitivity and the tendency to switch to this reward state during music. Our findings highlight the involvement of a brain subsystem involved in hedonic processing during music listening in the early adolescent brain. These results offer novel insight into the neural underpinnings of musical reward in early adolescence and may help us to understand the importance of music at this delicate age.

GENERALIZED SYNCHRONIZATION, FREQUENCY-LOCKING AND PHASE-LOCKING OF COUPLED SINE CIRCLE MAPS

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (08) ◽  
pp. 2245-2253
Author(s):  
WEN-XIN QIN
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Invariant Manifold ◽  
Coupling Strength ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Generalized Synchronization ◽  
Frequency Locking ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Circle Maps ◽  
The Individual

Applying invariant manifold theorem, we study the existence of generalized synchronization of a coupled system, with local systems being different sine circle maps. We specify a range of parameters for which the coupled system achieves generalized synchronization. We also investigate the relation between generalized synchronization, predictability and equivalence of dynamical systems. If the parameters are restricted in the specified range, then all the subsystems are topologically equivalent, and each subsystem is predictable from any other subsystem. Moreover, these subsystems are frequency locked even if the frequencies are greatly different in the absence of coupling. If the local systems are identical without coupling, then the widths of the phase-locked intervals of the coupled system are the same as those of the individual map and are independent of the coupling strength.

scholarly journals EEGIFT: Group Independent Component Analysis for Event-Related EEG Data

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Eichele ◽  
Srinivas Rachakonda ◽  
Brage Brakedal ◽  
Rune Eikeland ◽  
Vince D. Calhoun
Keyword(s):  
Independent Component Analysis ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Independent Component ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Simulated Event ◽  
Latency Jitter ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Order Components

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a powerful method for source separation and has been used for decomposition of EEG, MRI, and concurrent EEG-fMRI data. ICA is not naturally suited to draw group inferences since it is a non-trivial problem to identify and order components across individuals. One solution to this problem is to create aggregate data containing observations from all subjects, estimate a single set of components and then back-reconstruct this in the individual data. Here, we describe such a group-level temporal ICA model for event related EEG. When used for EEG time series analysis, the accuracy of component detection and back-reconstruction with a group model is dependent on the degree of intra- and interindividual time and phase-locking of event related EEG processes. We illustrate this dependency in a group analysis of hybrid data consisting of three simulated event-related sources with varying degrees of latency jitter and variable topographies. Reconstruction accuracy was tested for temporal jitter 1, 2 and 3 times the FWHM of the sources for a number of algorithms. The results indicate that group ICA is adequate for decomposition of single trials with physiological jitter, and reconstructs event related sources with high accuracy.

scholarly journals The Role of Social Reward and Corticostriatal Connectivity in Substance Use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sazhin ◽  
Angelique Frazier ◽  
Caleb River Haynes ◽  
Camille Johnston ◽  
Iris Ka-Yi Chat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Neuroimaging Study

This report describes an ongoing R03 grant that explores the links between trait reward sensitivity, substance use, and neural responses to social and nonsocial reward. Although previous research has shown that trait reward sensitivity and neural responses to reward are linked to substance use, whether this relationship is impacted by how people process social stimuli remains unclear. We are investigating these questions via a neuroimaging study with college-aged participants, using individual difference measures that examine the relation between substance use, social context, and trait reward sensitivity with tasks that measure reward anticipation, strategic behavior, social reward consumption, and the influence of social context on reward processing. We predict that substance use will be tied to distinct patterns of striatal dysfunction. Specifically, reward hyposensitive individuals will exhibit blunted striatal responses to social and non-social reward and enhanced connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex; in contrast, reward hypersensitive individuals will exhibit enhanced striatal responses to social and non-social reward and blunted connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex. We also will examine the relation between self-reported reward sensitivity, substance use, and striatal responses to social reward and social context. We predict that individuals reporting the highest levels of substance use will show exaggerated striatal responses to social reward and social context, independent of self-reported reward sensitivity. Examining corticostriatal responses to reward processing will help characterize the relation between reward sensitivity, social context and substance use while providing a foundation for understanding risk factors and isolating neurocognitive mechanisms that may be targeted to increase the efficacy of interventions.

Reward-Associated Gamma Oscillations in Ventral Striatum Are Regionally Differentiated and Modulate Local Firing Activity

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 1658-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Kalenscher ◽  
Carien S. Lansink ◽  
Jan V. Lankelma ◽  
Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Neural Ensembles ◽  
Gamma Range ◽  
Gamma Power

Oscillations of local field potentials (LFPs) in the gamma range are found in many brain regions and are supposed to support the temporal organization of cognitive, perceptual, and motor functions. Even though gamma oscillations have also been observed in ventral striatum, one of the brain's most important structures for motivated behavior and reward processing, their specific function during ongoing behavior is unknown. Using a movable tetrode array, we recorded LFPs and activity of neural ensembles in the ventral striatum of rats performing a reward-collection task. Rats were running along a triangle track and in each round collected one of three different types of rewards. The gamma power of LFPs on subsets of tetrodes was modulated by reward-site visits, discriminated between reward types, between baitedness of reward locations and was different before versus after arrival at a reward site. Many single units in ventral striatum phase-locked their discharge pattern to the gamma oscillations of the LFPs. Phase-locking occurred more often in reward-related than in reward-unrelated neurons and LFPs. A substantial number of simultaneously recorded LFPs correlated poorly with each other in terms of gamma rhythmicity, indicating that the expression of gamma activity was heterogeneous and regionally differentiated. The orchestration of LFPs and single-unit activity by way of gamma rhythmicity sheds light on the functional architecture of the ventral striatum and the temporal coordination of ventral striatal activity for modulating downstream areas and regulating synaptic plasticity.

What kind of conscious activity is ‘listening to music’? A contribution from Theodor Adorno by way of psychoanalysis

2019 ◽  
pp. 215-230
Author(s):  
Shierry Weber Nicholsen
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Free Association ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Second Viennese School ◽  
Theodor Adorno ◽  
The Individual

This chapter elaborates Theodor Adorno’s notion of genuine music listening and the role of consciousness within it by analogy with the psychoanalytic conceptualization of listening in the analytic dialogue as described in Freud’s model of the free-association process. Crucial in both models of listening is the simultaneous restraining of conventional expectations and the reception of what is new in what is being heard. For both, listening is collaborative work (between patient and analyst, or between listener and the musical composition), engaging the interaction of consciousness and the unconscious by confronting resistances and bringing new meaning into conscious awareness. Implicit in Adorno’s conception of music listening, as part of his critical theory of society, is a socio-historical dimension: the collaboration between genuinely advanced music like that of the Second Viennese School and the individual engaged in genuine listening works against false consciousness to further an authentic subjecthood..

Staging & profiling in addiction, can we cross the gap from bench to bedside?

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S34-S35
Author(s):  
A. Schellekens
Keyword(s):  
Reward Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Clinical Staging ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Addictive Disorders ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Clinical Profiles ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Individual

Addictive behaviours are highly common (prevalence worldwide about 10%), with major impact on the individual and society (contributing to 5% of overall DALYs and mortality) [1,2]. Though a number of evidence-based treatments are available, relapse rates remain high, up to 50% within one year of treatment [3,4]. Staging of addictive behaviors might contribute to improve this prognosis by indicating which patient could benefit most from which treatment modality.In DSM-5 clinical staging of addictive disorders is limited to grading the severity of the disorder, based on criterion counts [5]. However, addictive disorders are highly heterogeneous, with distinct clinical profiles and neurobiological underpinnings of the disorder. Reward-processing deficits are considered a hallmark of addiction. Several additional neurobiological deficits have been identified in addicted individuals, such as dysfunction of brain stress systems, anterior cingulate cortex and habenula.These neurobiological deficits may identify clinical subgroups of patients with distinct pathophysiology (profiling), or be related to progression of the disorder (staging). This presentation will focus on clinical staging and profiling of addictive behaviors combining neurobiological findings and clinical practice [6].Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Early adolescent marijuana use: risks for the transition to young adulthood

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. BROOK ◽  
R. E. ADAMS ◽  
E. B. BALKA ◽  
E. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Early Adolescent ◽  
Developmental Tasks ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Occupational Expectations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Adolescent Marijuana Use

Background. This study assessed the relationship of early adolescent marijuana use to performance of developmental tasks integral to the transition to young adulthood. The tasks concerned intimacy, education, and work and social conformity.Methods. African American (N = 617) and Puerto Rican (N = 531) youths completed questionnaires in their classrooms. Five years later they were individually interviewed. Logistic regression analysis estimated the increased likelihood that early marijuana users would make an inadequate transition to young adult social roles.Results. Analyses examining the association between early marijuana use and 20 outcome variables found significant relationships for 10 of them: (a) having lower educational and occupational expectations; (b) being suspended or expelled from school, fired from jobs, ‘high’ at school or work, collecting welfare; and (c) rebelliousness, not participating in productive activities, not attending church, and being an unmarried parent. Marijuana use was not related to any of the intimate relationship measures. These finding emerged with controls on gender, ethnicity, age and mother's education. Conclusions. Among African Americans and Puerto Ricans, early marijuana use predicts less adequate performance on some developmental tasks integral to becoming an independent young adult. Marijuana is not a benign drug and is associated with future risks for the individual and society at large.

SOURCE RECONSTRUCTION AND SYNCHRONY MEASUREMENTS FOR REVEALING FUNCTIONAL BRAIN NETWORKS AND CLASSIFYING MENTAL STATES

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (06) ◽  
pp. 1703-1721 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANÇOIS LAURENT ◽  
MICHEL BESSERVE ◽  
LINE GARNERO ◽  
MATTHIEU PHILIPPE ◽  
GENEVIÈVE FLORENCE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Locking ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Source Reconstruction ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
High Dimension Data ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Functional Brain Networks ◽  
Phase Locking Value ◽  
The Relationship

We classified performance-related mental states from EEG-derived measurements. We investigated the usefulness of massively distributed source reconstruction, comparing scalp and cortical scales. This approach provides a more detailed picture of the functional brain networks underlying the changes related to the mental state of interest. Local and distant synchrony measurements (coherence, phase locking value) were used for both scalp measurements and cortical current density sources, and were fed into a SVM-based classifier. We designed two simulations where classification scores increased when our 60-electrode scalp measurements were reconstructed on 60 sources and on a 500-source cortex. Source reconstruction appeared to be most useful in these simulations, in particular, when distant synchronies were involved and local synchronies did not prevail. Despite the simplicity of the model used, certain flaws in accuracy were observed in the localization of informative activities, due to the relationship between amplitude and phase for mixed signals. Our results with real EEG data suggested that the phenomenon of interest was characterized merely by modulations in local amplitudes, but also in strength of distant couplings. After source reconstruction, classification rates also increased for real EEG data when seeking distant phase-related couplings. When reconstructing a large number of sources, the regularization coefficient should be carefully selected on a subject-by-subject basis. We showed that training classifiers using such high-dimension data is useful for localizing discriminating patterns of activity.

scholarly journals Task-generic and task-specific connectivity modulations in the ADHD brain: An integrated analysis across multiple tasks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roselyne J. Chauvin ◽  
Jan K. Buitelaar ◽  
Emma Sprooten ◽  
Marianne Oldehinkel ◽  
Barbara Franke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Total N ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Processing Pathways ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with altered functioning in multiple cognitive domains and neural networks. This paper offers an overarching biological perspective across these. We applied a novel strategy that extracts functional connectivity modulations in the brain across one (Psingle), two (Pmix) or three (Pall) cognitive tasks and compared the pattern of modulations between participants with ADHD (n-89), unaffected siblings (n=93) and controls (n=84; total N=266; age range=8-27 years).Participants with ADHD had significantly fewer Pall connections (modulated regardless of task), but significantly more task-specific (Psingle) connectivity modulations than the other groups. The amplitude of these Psingle modulations was significantly higher in ADHD. Unaffected siblings showed a similar degree of Pall connectivity modulation as controls but a similar degree of Psingle connectivity modulation as ADHD probands. Pall connections were strongly reproducible at the individual level in controls, but showed marked heterogeneity in both participants with ADHD and unaffected siblings.The pattern of reduced task-generic and increased task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may be interpreted as reflecting a less efficient functional brain architecture due to a reduction in the ability to generalise processing pathways across multiple cognitive domains. The higher amplitude of unique task-specific connectivity modulations in ADHD may index a more “effortful” coping strategy. Unaffected siblings displayed a task connectivity profile in between that of controls and ADHD probands, supporting an endophenotype view. Our approach provides a new perspective on the core neural underpinnings of ADHD.

scholarly journals Blunted Neural Reward Responsiveness and Recent Suicidal Ideation in Children and Adolescents: Failure to Replicate Across Two Independent Samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin J. Gallyer ◽  
Kreshnik Burani ◽  
Elizabeth M. Mulligan ◽  
Nicholas Santopetro ◽  
Sean P. Dougherty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicidal Ideation ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Reward Responsiveness ◽  
Large Samples ◽  
Reward Positivity ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts And Behaviors

AbstractA recent study by Tsypes, Owens, and Gibb (2019) found that children with recent suicidal ideation had blunted neural reward processing, as measured by the reward positivity (RewP), compared to matched controls, and that this difference was driven by reduced neural responses to monetary loss, rather than blunted neural response to monetary reward. Here, we aimed to conceptually replicate and extend these findings in two large samples of children and adolescents (n = 275 and n = 235). Results from our conceptual replication found no evidence that children and adolescents with suicidal ideation have abnormal reward or loss processing. We extended these findings in a longitudinal sample of children and adolescents with two time points and found no evidence that reward- or loss-related ERPs predict changes in suicidal ideation. The results highlight the need for greater statistical power, and continued research examining the neural underpinnings of suicidal thoughts and behaviors.

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