scholarly journals Subjective time is predicted by local and early visual processing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelena Tonoyan ◽  
Michele Fornaciai ◽  
Brent Parsons ◽  
Domenica Bueti
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Motion Adaptation ◽  
Band Frequency ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTTime is as pervasive as it is elusive to study, and how the brain keeps track of millisecond time is still unclear. Here we studied the mechanisms underlying duration perception by looking for a neural signature of subjective time distortion induced by motion adaptation. We recorded electroencephalographic signals in human participants while they were asked to discriminate the duration of visual stimuli after translational motion adaptation. Our results show that distortions of subjective time can be predicted by the amplitude of the N200 event-related potential and by the activity in the Beta band frequency spectrum. Both effects were observed from occipital electrodes contralateral to the adapted stimulus. Finally, a multivariate decoding analysis highlights the impact of motion adaptation throughout the visual stream. Overall, our findings show the crucial involvement of local and low-level perceptual processes in generating a subjective sense of time.

scholarly journals Decreased P2 Waveform Reflects Impaired Brain Executive Function Induced by 12 h of Low Homeostatic Sleep Pressure: Evidence From an Event-Related Potential Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingjing Zeng ◽  
Haijing Wu ◽  
Jialu Li ◽  
Haiteng Wang ◽  
Songyue Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Peak Amplitude ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
The Impact

Homeostatic sleep pressure can cause cognitive impairment, in which executive function is the most affected. Previous studies have mainly focused on high homeostatic sleep pressure (long-term sleep deprivation); thus, there is still little related neuro-psycho-physiological evidence based on low homeostatic sleep pressure (12 h of continuous wakefulness) that affects executive function. This study aimed to investigate the impact of lower homeostatic sleep pressure on executive function. Our study included 14 healthy young male participants tested using the Go/NoGo task in normal resting wakefulness (10:00 am) and after low homeostatic sleep pressure (10:00 pm). Behavioral data (response time and accuracy) were collected, and electroencephalogram (EEG) data were recorded simultaneously, using repeated measures analysis of variance for data analysis. Compared with resting wakefulness, the participants’ response time to the Go stimulus was shortened after low homeostatic sleep pressure, and the correct response rate was reduced. Furthermore, the peak amplitude of Go–P2 decreased significantly, and the peak latency did not change significantly. For NoGo stimulation, the peak amplitude of NoGo–P2 decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and the peak latency was significantly extended (p < 0.05). Thus, the P2 wave is likely related to the attention and visual processing and reflects the early judgment of the perceptual process. Therefore, the peak amplitude of Go–P2 and NoGo–P2 decreased, whereas the peak latency of NoGo–P2 increased, indicating that executive function is impaired after low homeostatic sleep pressure. This study has shown that the P2 wave is a sensitive indicator that reflects the effects of low homeostatic sleep pressure on executive function, and that it is also an important window to observe the effect of homeostatic sleep pressure and circadian rhythm on cognitive function.

scholarly journals Where Does Time Go When You Blink?

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 907-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shany Grossman ◽  
Chen Gueta ◽  
Slav Pesin ◽  
Rafael Malach ◽  
Ayelet N. Landau
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
Induce Activity ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
The Impact

Retinal input is frequently lost because of eye blinks, yet humans rarely notice these gaps in visual input. Although previous studies focused on the perceptual and neural correlates of diminished awareness to blinks, the impact of these correlates on the perceived time of concurrent events is unknown. Here, we investigated whether the subjective sense of time is altered by spontaneous blinks. We found that participants ( N = 22) significantly underestimated the duration of a visual stimulus when a spontaneous blink occurred during stimulus presentation and that this underestimation was correlated with the blink duration of individual participants. Importantly, the effect was not present when durations of an auditory stimulus were judged ( N = 23). The results point to a link between spontaneous blinks, previously demonstrated to induce activity suppression in the visual cortex, and a compression of subjective time. They suggest that ongoing encoding within modality-specific sensory cortices, independent of conscious awareness, informs the subjective sense of time.

scholarly journals Synchronization between the end stages of the dorsal and the ventral visual stream

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 2030-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bram-Ernst Verhoef ◽  
Rufin Vogels ◽  
Peter Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Beta Activity ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
3D Shape ◽  
End Stage ◽  
3D Shape Perception

The end stage areas of the ventral (IT) and the dorsal (AIP) visual streams encode the shape of disparity-defined three-dimensional (3D) surfaces. Recent anatomical tracer studies have found direct reciprocal connections between the 3D-shape selective areas in IT and AIP. Whether these anatomical connections are used to facilitate 3D-shape perception is still unknown. We simultaneously recorded multi-unit activity (MUA) and local field potentials in IT and AIP while monkeys discriminated between concave and convex 3D shapes and measured the degree to which the activity in IT and AIP synchronized during the task. We observed strong beta-band synchronization between IT and AIP preceding stimulus onset that decreased shortly after stimulus onset and became modulated by stereo-signal strength and stimulus contrast during the later portion of the stimulus period. The beta-coherence modulation was unrelated to task-difficulty, regionally specific, and dependent on the MUA selectivity of the pairs of sites under study. The beta-spike-field coherence in AIP predicted the upcoming choice of the monkey. Several convergent lines of evidence suggested AIP as the primary source of the AIP-IT synchronized activity. The synchronized beta activity seemed to occur during perceptual anticipation and when the system has stabilized to a particular perceptual state but not during active visual processing. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that synchronized activity exists between the end stages of the dorsal and ventral stream during 3D-shape discrimination.

scholarly journals Where does time go when you blink?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shany Grossman ◽  
Chen Guata ◽  
Slav Pesin ◽  
Rafael Malach ◽  
Ayelet N Landau
Keyword(s):  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Subjective Time ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Retinal Input ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Concurrent Events

Retinal input is frequently lost due to eye blinks, yet humans rarely notice these gaps in visual input. While previous studies focused on the psychophysical and neural correlates of diminished awareness to blinks, the impact of blinks on the perceived time of concurrent events is unknown. Here, we investigated whether the subjective sense of time is altered by spontaneous eye blinks, and how this link may inform mechanisms of time perception. We found that participants significantly underestimated the duration of a visual stimulus when a blink occurred during the stimulus. Importantly, this effect was not present when durations of an auditory stimulus were judged. These results point to a link between spontaneous blinks, previously demonstrated to induce suppression of activity in early visual cortex, and a compression of subjective time. The findings suggest that ongoing encoding within modality-specific sensory cortices, independent of conscious awareness, inform the subjective sense of time.

scholarly journals Visuopathy of prematurity: is retinopathy just the tip of the iceberg?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Hegna Ingvaldsen ◽  
Tora Sund Morken ◽  
Dordi Austeng ◽  
Olaf Dammann
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Visual Deficits ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Cellular Architecture ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Dorsal Visual Stream

AbstractResearch on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) focuses mainly on the abnormal vascularization patterns that are directly visible for ophthalmologists. However, recent findings indicate that children born prematurely also exhibit changes in the retinal cellular architecture and along the dorsal visual stream, such as structural changes between and within cortical areas. Moreover, perinatal sustained systemic inflammation (SSI) is associated with an increased risk for ROP and the visual deficits that follow. In this paper, we propose that ROP might just be the tip of an iceberg we call visuopathy of prematurity (VOP). The VOP paradigm comprises abnormal vascularization of the retina, alterations in retinal cellular architecture, choroidal degeneration, and abnormalities in the visual pathway, including cortical areas. Furthermore, VOP itself might influence the developmental trajectories of cerebral structures and functions deemed responsible for visual processing, thereby explaining visual deficits among children born preterm.

scholarly journals Effect of Distracting Background Speech in an Auditory Brain–Computer Interface

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Álvaro Fernández-Rodríguez ◽  
Ricardo Ron-Angevin ◽  
Ernesto J. Sanz-Arigita ◽  
Antoine Parize ◽  
Juliette Esquirol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Computer Interface ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Computer Interface ◽  
Cognitive Workload ◽  
Auditory Event ◽  
Shared Attention ◽  
Attentional Condition ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Auditory Bci

Studies so far have analyzed the effect of distractor stimuli in different types of brain–computer interface (BCI). However, the effect of a background speech has not been studied using an auditory event-related potential (ERP-BCI), a convenient option when the visual path cannot be adopted by users. Thus, the aim of the present work is to examine the impact of a background speech on selection performance and user workload in auditory BCI systems. Eleven participants tested three conditions: (i) auditory BCI control condition, (ii) auditory BCI with a background speech to ignore (non-attentional condition), and (iii) auditory BCI while the user has to pay attention to the background speech (attentional condition). The results demonstrated that, despite no significant differences in performance, shared attention to auditory BCI and background speech required a higher cognitive workload. In addition, the P300 target stimuli in the non-attentional condition were significantly higher than those in the attentional condition for several channels. The non-attentional condition was the only condition that showed significant differences in the amplitude of the P300 between target and non-target stimuli. The present study indicates that background speech, especially when it is attended to, is an important interference that should be avoided while using an auditory BCI.

scholarly journals The impact of rotational speed and water volume on textile translational motion in a front-loading washer

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (16) ◽  
pp. 3401-3410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Liu ◽  
R Hugh Gong ◽  
Pinghua Xu ◽  
Xuemei Ding ◽  
Xiongying Wu
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Rotational Axis ◽  
Passive Region ◽  
The Impact

Textile motion in a front-loading washer has been characterized via video capturing, and a processing system developed based on image geometric moment. Textile motion significantly contributes to the mass transfer of the wash solution in porous materials, particularly in the radial direction (perpendicular to the rotational axis of the inner drum). In this paper, the velocity profiles and residence time distributions of tracer textiles have been investigated to characterize the textile dynamics in a front-loading washer. The results show that the textile motion varies significantly with the water volume and rotational speed, and that the motion path follows certain patterns. Two regions are observed in the velocity plots: a passive region where the textile moves up with low velocity and an active region where the textile falls down with relatively high speed. A stagnant area in the residence time profile is observed. This corresponds to the passive region in the velocity profile. The stagnant area affects the mechanical action, thus influencing washing efficiency and textile performance. The findings on textile dynamics will help in the development of better front-loading washers.

scholarly journals Local and global visual processing and eating disorder traits: An event-related potential study

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Moynihan ◽  
Mark Rose ◽  
Jose van Velzen ◽  
Jan de Fockert
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Potential Study
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