scholarly journals Attentional brain rhythms during prolonged cognitive activity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corentin Gaillard ◽  
Carine De Sousa ◽  
Julian Amengual ◽  
Célia Loriette ◽  
Camilla Ziane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Processing Load ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
Assistive Systems ◽  
High Cognitive Demand ◽  
Slow Rhythm ◽  
Field Coherence

As routine and lower demand cognitive tasks are taken over by automated assistive systems, human operators are increasingly required to sustain cognitive demand over long periods of time. This has been reported to have long term adverse effects on cardiovascular and mental health. However, it remains unclear whether prolonged cognitive activity results in a monotonic decrease in the efficiency of the recruited brain processes, or whether the brain is able to sustain functions over time spans of one hour and more. Here, we show that during working sessions of one hour or more, contrary to the prediction of a monotonic decline, behavioral performance in both humans and non-human primates consistently fluctuates between periods of optimal and suboptimal performance at a very slow rhythm of circa 5 cycles per hour. These fluctuations are observed in both high attentional (in non-human primates) and low attentional (in humans) demand conditions. They coincide with fluctuations in pupil diameter, indicating underlying changes in arousal and information-processing load. Accordingly, we show that these rhythmic behavioral fluctuations correlate, at the neurophysiological level, with fluctuations in the informational attention orientation and perception processing capacity of prefrontal neuronal populations. We further identify specific markers of these fluctuations in LFP power, LFP coherence and spike-field coherence, pointing towards long-range rhythmic modulatory inputs to the prefrontal cortex rather than a local prefrontal origin. These results shed light on the resilience of brain mechanisms to sustained effort and have direct implications on how to optimize high cognitive demand working and learning environments.

scholarly journals NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES AT PATIENTS FROM OCCUPATIONAL NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 1068-1073
Author(s):  
Oksana I. Shevchenko ◽  
D. V. Rusanova ◽  
O. L. Lakhman
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Functional Condition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Diagnostic Signs ◽  
Constant Potential ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Issues of studying the central origins and development of оccupational pathology in the faces of flight personnel define a need for the application of neurophysiological and neuropsychological methods of research. Material and methods. The levels of constant potential (LCP), characteristics the somatosensory caused potentials (SSVP), neuropsychological features in 95 patients with оccupational neurosensory deafness (ONSD) and 35 cases in a group of comparison are studied. Methods of the statistical analysis with a definition of W-of criterion of Shapiro-Uilka, Mann-Whitney›s U-criterion, coefficient of correlation of Spirmen, the discriminant analysis are applied. Results. in ONSD at patients the quantity of cases with the increased values of average LCP were established to prevail significantly in comparison with those in patients of a group of comparison (39% and 13% respectively, р = 0.03), strengthening of neuropower exchange in right and left frontal, central, left central, left parietal, right temporal assignments, increase in duration of the latent period of N18, N30 components are registered (р < 0.05). The condition of the cognitive sphere was characterized by the easily expressed violations of functions of analytical and synthetic thinking, оral-aural memory, visual, long-term memory, reciprocal coordination, impressive speech. Correlation connection between the index of N13-N20 and indices characterizing a condition of long-term memory, reciprocal coordination, the expressional speech is established (rs=0.45; 0.28; 0.28 at р =0.008; 0.04; 0.03 respectively), an index the between hemispheres of the relations Fd-Fs and latency of P25 and N30 (rs = 0.53 and 0.29 at р =0.009; 0.02 respectively). Diagnostic signs of brain deficiency at patients with ONSD were indices of visual gnosis, reciprocal coordination, LCP in right central, central parietal assignments of a brain, duration of the latent period of N30, N18-N20 (F=9.14; 5.43; 6.08; 4.41 4.77; 4.34 respectively). Conclusions. Violations of power metabolism in the frontal and central and parietal and temporal assignments of a brain, a functional condition of the central carrying-out structures, disorganization of cognitive activity were established to be a consequence of the impact of aviation noise and the reason of brain deficiency.

Long-term structural monitoring of multi-story RC structures, based on data extracted from ambient noise and earthquake vibrations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandru Tiganescu ◽  
Bogdan Grecu ◽  
Iolanda-Gabriela Craifaleanu ◽  
Dragos Toma-Danila ◽  
Stefan-Florin Balan
Keyword(s):  
Monitoring System ◽  
Ambient Noise ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Rc Structures ◽  
Infrastructure Monitoring ◽  
Human Operators ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;The impact of natural hazards on structures and infrastructures is a critical issue that needs to be properly addressed by both public and private entities. To better cope with seismic hazard and to mitigate the risk, long-term multi-sensor infrastructure monitoring represents a useful tool for acquiring information on their condition and vulnerability. However, the current increasing data volume collected using sensors is not suitable to be processed with classical standalone methods. Thus, automatic algorithms and decision-making frameworks should be developed to use this data, with minimum intervention from human operators. A case-study for the application of advanced methods is focused on the headquarters of the Institute for Atomic Physics, a 11-story reinforced concrete building, located near Bucharest, Romania. The instrumentation scheme consists of accelerometers installed at the basement, at an intermediate floor and at the top of the structure. The data were continuously recorded, starting with December 2013. More than 80 seismic events with moment magnitude, M&lt;sub&gt;W&lt;/sub&gt;, larger than 3.8 were recorded during the monitoring period. The current study covers the long-term evolution and variation of dynamic parameters (one value per hour), based on both ambient noise sources and small and medium magnitude seismic events. The seasonal variation of these parameters will be determined, as well as their daily variation and the differences between values obtained from ambient noise and from earthquake-induced vibrations. Other atmospheric parameters (e.g. temperature, precipitation, wind speed) will be considered in future studies. The goal of the PREVENT project, in the framework of which the research is performed, is to collect multi-disciplinary data and to integrate them into a complex monitoring system. The current study achieved the first step, focusing on data from the seismic sensors and setting up the premises for a multi-sensor, multi-parameter, more reliable infrastructure monitoring system.&amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;

Naturalism and Kantianism

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Valentin A. Bazhanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Research ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
External Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

An article by T. Rockmore, published in the journal “Epistemology and Philosophy of Science” in 2009 (Vol. XXII. No. 4, pp. 14‒29), claim that naturalism is by its nature an example of anti-Kantianism, for it treats philosophy as a continuation science and recognizes science as a legitimate source of knowledge, does not allow a priori, relies on an a posteriori approach, empiricism in the pre-Kantian sense, and insists on the possibility of revising the knowledge acquired. This article has a goal to show that T. Rockmore point of view should be revised due to the progress of modern cognitive research and, first of all, neuroscience, in which all the features of the naturalistic approach are implemented and in which the “Kantian program” of brain research is developed. In the context of this program, the existence on the ontological level (i.e., in the brain) of certain neural structures that make it possible and play a crucial role in the cognitive activity of a person is recognized. Those concepts that Kant treated as components of cognitive activity in modern neuroscience acquired ontological status in the form of the activity of certain neural structures, which turn out to be prerequisites and components of this activity. We claim that in the context of the Kantian research program in neuroscience, the metaphor “Kantian brain” naturally entered the vocabulary of neuroscientists, and certain specific operations and functions of the brain began to be associated with individual elements of Kant's ideas. It is in this context attempts are made to comprehend the mechanisms of the brain in the “stimulus – activity” mode, when an external effect leads to the excitation of certain neural structures. The brain is capable to anticipate the long-term results of certain actions of the subject. In the case of foresight, the brain generates “internal” models and uses for their correction external data that constantly provided from reality across the subject. At the same time, some kind of self-correcting mechanisms implements, which from a formal point of view described by the Bayes theorem, using a priori evaluations of upcoming events and changes in these evaluations as result of experience. Thus, naturalism and Kantianism understood in the context of the progress of modern science, despite T. Rockmore idea, are completely compatible.

Comparing Adjectival and Nonadjectival Rating Scale Responses against Performance Criteria

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-386
Author(s):  
Wade R. Helm
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Processing Load ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Actual Performance

Twenty-one student naval test pilots participated in a dual task experiment for the purpose of comparing the utility of adjectival and nonadjectival rating scales. Modified versions of the Cooper-Harper and McDonnell pilot rating scales were compared with the nonordinal, nonadjectival rating scale developed by Schufeldt. The primary task was a serially presented four-choice discrimination task with three levels of presentation rate. The secondary task was verbal requiring short term and long term memory dependent responses. Analyzing task demands in bits of information processed per second, provided a comparison of S's potential information processing load with his actual performance and subjective ratings. Results do not provide support for the superiority of any one rating scale in reflecting S's actual performance.

Aerobic and Cognitive Exercise (ACE) Pilot Study for Older Adults: Executive Function Improves with Cognitive Challenge While Exergaming

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 768-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Barcelos ◽  
Nikita Shah ◽  
Katherine Cohen ◽  
Michael J. Hogan ◽  
Eamon Mulkerrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
Cognitive Challenge ◽  
Cognitive Benefit ◽  
High Cognitive Demand

AbstractDementia cases are increasing worldwide; thus, investigators seek to identify interventions that might prevent or ameliorate cognitive decline in later life. Extensive research confirms the benefits of physical exercise for brain health, yet only a fraction of older adults exercise regularly. Interactive mental and physical exercise, as in aerobic exergaming, not only motivates, but has also been found to yield cognitive benefit above and beyond traditional exercise. This pilot study sought to investigate whether greater cognitive challenge while exergaming would yield differential outcomes in executive function and generalize to everyday functioning. Sixty-four community based older adults (mean age=82) were randomly assigned to pedal a stationary bike, while interactively engaging on-screen with: (1) a low cognitive demand task (bike tour), or (2) a high cognitive demand task (video game). Executive function (indices from Trails, Stroop and Digit Span) was assessed before and after a single-bout and 3-month exercise intervention. Significant group × time interactions were found after a single-bout (Color Trails) and after 3 months of exergaming (Stroop; among 20 adherents). Those in the high cognitive demand group performed better than those in the low cognitive dose condition. Everyday function improved across both exercise conditions. Pilot data indicate that for older adults, cognitive benefit while exergaming increased concomitantly with higher doses of interactive mental challenge. (JINS, 2015,21, 768–779)

Impairment in instrumental activities of daily living with high cognitive demand is an early marker of mild cognitive impairment: the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2437-2445 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Reppermund ◽  
H. Brodaty ◽  
J. D. Crawford ◽  
N. A. Kochan ◽  
B. Draper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Cognitive Demand ◽  
Functional Abilities ◽  
Amnestic Mci ◽  
Instrumental Activities ◽  
High Cognitive Demand

BackgroundCriteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) consider impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) as exclusionary, but cross-sectional studies suggest that some high-level functional deficits are present in MCI. This longitudinal study examines informant-rated IADL in MCI, compared with cognitively normal (CN) older individuals, and explores whether functional abilities, particularly those with high cognitive demand, are predictors of MCI and dementia over a 2-year period in individuals who were CN at baseline.MethodA sample of 602 non-demented community dwelling individuals (375 CN and 227 with MCI) aged 70–90 years underwent baseline and 24-month assessments that included cognitive and medical assessments and an interview with a knowledgeable informant on functional abilities with the Bayer Activities of Daily Living Scale.ResultsSignificantly more deficits in informant-reported IADL with high cognitive demand were present in MCI compared with CN individuals at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Functional ability in CN individuals at baseline, particularly in activities with high cognitive demand, predicted MCI and dementia at follow-up. Difficulties with highly cognitively demanding activities specifically predicted amnestic MCI but not non-amnestic MCI whereas those with low cognitive demand did not predict MCI or dementia. Age, depressive symptoms, cardiovascular risk factors and the sex of the informant did not contribute to the prediction.ConclusionsIADL are affected in individuals with MCI, and IADL with a high cognitive demand show impairment predating the diagnosis of MCI. Subtle cognitive impairment is therefore likely to be a major hidden burden in society.

scholarly journals Diagnosing the formation of an environment-oriented component of competencies in higher education

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Olga Ponomariova ◽  
Olga Vasina ◽  
Sergey Shurygin
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Environmental Knowledge ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
State University ◽  
Military Academy ◽  
The Military ◽  
Selection Of

The article examines the diagnostic tools for evaluating the formation of an environment-oriented component of competencies in students within the system of higher education. The authors present the set of diagnostic tools following their long-term work on identifying the experience of emotional and values-based attitude to nature as the most difficult element of the environment-oriented component of competencies to assess. The article substantiates the selection of diagnostic tools taking into account available environmental knowledge, skills, abilities and behavioural stereotypes of students. It focuses on determining the level of adapted social experience combining the experience of environment-oriented cognitive activity, environment-oriented work methods, environment-oriented creative activity, emotional and values-based attitude. The use of diagnostic tools is illustrated by experimental work within the educational process at A.V. Khrulev Penza Branch of the Military Academy of Logistics and Penza State University.

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