The Teaching of Physical Metallurgy — a Rational Approach

1960 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
G.B. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Physical Metallurgy ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Inaugural Lecture ◽  
College Professor ◽  
Practice Of Teaching

In his inaugural lecture at Imperial College, Professor J. G. Ball pointed to the tendency of metallurgy to become a scientific discipline of logical inference, making teaching centred on plant skills, and the parrot‐learning of facts and alloy specifications quite out of date. The principles and practice of teaching with special reference to metallurgy have not received the attention accorded to allied subjects such as chemistry. The purpose of this article is to provoke thought, criticism and free discussion among those engaged in the dissemination of metallurgical knowledge.

Use of Logarithmic Regression in the Estimation of Plant Biomass

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Baskerville
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Logarithmic Transformation ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Logarithmic Equation

The basic assumptions of regression analysis are recalled with special reference to the use of a logarithmic transformation. The limitations imposed on inference-making by failure to comply with these assumptions are discussed and ways to avoid the limitations indicated. A systematic bias of the order of 10 to 20% which is inherent in most, if not all, prior uses of the logarithmic equation to estimate plant biomass is noted as is the correction for the bias.

Neural Interaction between Logical Reasoning and Pragmatic Processing in Narrative Discourse

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérôme Prado ◽  
Nicola Spotorno ◽  
Eric Koun ◽  
Emily Hewitt ◽  
Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Neural Interaction ◽  
Natural Discourse ◽  
Logical Connectives

Logical connectives (e.g., or, if, and not) are central to everyday conversation, and the inferences they generate are made with little effort in pragmatically sound situations. In contrast, the neural substrates of logical inference-making have been studied exclusively in abstract tasks where pragmatic concerns are minimal. Here, we used fMRI in an innovative design that employed narratives to investigate the interaction between logical reasoning and pragmatic processing in natural discourse. Each narrative contained three premises followed by a statement. In Fully-deductive stories, the statement confirmed a conclusion that followed from two steps of disjunction–elimination (e.g., Xavier considers Thursday, Friday, or Saturday for inviting his girlfriend out; he removes Thursday before he rejects Saturday and declares “I will invite her out for Friday”). In Implicated-premise stories, an otherwise identical narrative included three premises that twice removed a single option from consideration (i.e., Xavier rejects Thursday for two different reasons). The conclusion therefore necessarily prompts an implication (i.e., Xavier must have removed Saturday from consideration as well). We report two main findings. First, conclusions of Implicated-premise stories are associated with more activity than conclusions of Fully-deductive stories in a bilateral frontoparietal system, suggesting that these regions play a role in inferring an implicated premise. Second, brain connectivity between these regions increases with pragmatic abilities when reading conclusions in Implicated-premise stories. These findings suggest that pragmatic processing interacts with logical inference-making when understanding arguments in narrative discourse.

scholarly journals The Revolution of The Qur’anic Interpretation (Criticism of The Jamal Al-Banna’s Methodology in 1920 - 2013)

RELIGIA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Abdul Mufid
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Universal Principles ◽  
Philosophical Interpretation ◽  
Scientific Epistemology ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Times ◽  
Interpretation Method

The study of interpretation methodology is very important, because the activities of the interpretation of the Koran will continue to develop along with the pace of the times. Abdul Mustaqim has mapped the interpretation methodology into three parts. First, the interpretation of the classical period. Second, the interpretation of the middle period. Third, interpretation of the contemporary period. With this mapping, it is expected that the position of the interpretation methodology of Jamal al-Banna can be known making it easier for researchers to recognize the interpretive concepts they offer. In every generation there are always products of interpretation of the Koran that have different features and characteristics. The socio-cultural condition in which the interpreter lives and the background of the disciplines they pursue is a reality that influences their interpretation of the Qur'an. The emergence of contemporary interpretations as the development of a scientific discipline is also much influenced by the development and change of the scientific epistemology itself. In this contemporary era, the name Jamal al-Banna appears which offers a new methodology for interpretation. This Egyptian-born thinker criticizes the scientific tradition of interpretation that has developed over the years (both classical and contemporary). So do not be surprised if the various ideas are always controversial. This article tries to review the methodological and philosophical interpretation of Jamal al-Banna. Starting with the effort to deconstruct the interpretation of the results of all classical commentators, Jamal proposed three stages in the interpretation of the Koran, namely the art approach, psychological approach, and rational approach. All three are hierarchical stages to arrive at an interpretation. Having arrived at the interpretation stage, Jamal al-Banna does not recommend certain methods or limit certain knowledge as methods of interpretation analysis. He refused if one particular method has a guarantee as the only way to find the truth, because the Koran does not have to be limited. Some contemporary thinkers in the study of the Koran, such as Amin al-Khuli, Mohammed Syahrur, Mohammed Arkoun, Nashr Hamid Abu Zayd, and Orientalist views on the Koran also did not escape criticism. To find out more about Jamal's thought, this article uses a descriptive qualitative method and a philosophical-rationalistic approach with hermeneutics as the knife of analysis. Both of these methodologies are used to reveal the construct of Jamal's thought around the interpretation methodology that he built. This study contributes positively in order to broaden the insight of the study around the conceptual interpretation of the Koran. Because the spirit and problems faced by muslims today are growing and complex which demands the discovery of new methods in understanding the Koran more accommodatively and dynamically. Based on the method and approach above, it was found that the interpretation method conceived by Jamal wanted to place the Koran free of the various approaches that limit it. For Jamal, humans are very autonomous and free to interpret as long as it is in line with the humanist and universal principles contained in the Koran. Through the systematic-practical interpretation methodology offered above, it can facilitate the moslem community to comprehend the Koran comprehensively.

Ismail al Faruqi’s Interfaith Dialogue and Asian Religions with Special Reference to Buddhism

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 92-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Interfaith Dialogue ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Asian Religions

This study looks at the suitability and relevance of al Faruqi’s dialogical ideas in relation to Asian religions, with special reference to Buddhism. The primary weakness in Faruqi’s dialogical and meta-religious principles in relation to Asian religions lies in his methodological exclusion of mystical and esoteric contributions, insights, and perspectives. Thus, a rational approach to dialogue needs to be combined with other approaches. There is a leeway for al Faruqi’s principles to be shaped and deepened further, and this continues to remain one aspect of his legacy.

A New Look at the Logic of the ‘Is’-‘Ought’ Relation

Philosophy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel J. Kupperman
Keyword(s):  
Logical Relation ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Inference Making ◽  
New Look

In the 1950's some prominent philosophers suggested a logical relation weaker than entailment between primarily descriptive statements and ethical conclusions. The paper revisits this suggestion. It examines four ways in which ethical statemnts can be supported by descriptions and evaluations. This provides a similarity bteween some kinds of reason-giving in ethics and familiar cases of logical inference, making it plausible to speak of a logic. The similarity however is limited, and the strength in ethics of descriptive reasons is never precise and always somewhat contestable.

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