An investigation of the impact of technology scaling on power wasted as short-circuit current in low voltage static CMOS circuits

In order to improve the level of automation and security of the low voltage power supply system, this paper proposed the calculation method of short-circuit current criterion under condition of protection action. Firstly, the impact of circuit breakers on the short-circuit current is analyzed. Then, the current criterion under condition of short-circuit protection are given. Finally, using a special case, the calculation process of aforementioned current criterion is given in detail.

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Fault Analysis using SFCL in the Convertor System at the Load Line

SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE ◽

10.24113/ijoscience.v7i8.405 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 60-67

Author(s):

Suman Baghel ◽

Sanjeev Jarring

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Fault Analysis ◽

Residual Current ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

The Impact

Among many renewable energy sources, solar energy is considered one of the most promising resources for large-scale electricity generation. Here propose resistive SFCL if a fault occurs in a simple low voltage (LV) network. To assess the impact of SFCL in the power system under study, the space-time approach is used to evaluate the short-circuit current in force and spurious control strategies are suggested to achieve the goal. The results complement the feasibility of the proposed A-ACO-based rationalization control for transmission activity according to the limiting circuit and fault current analyzer. The second model of the bastard chassis concludes that the chassis with residual current limiting circuit and analyzer reduces the expansion of the residual current and prevents the voltage from dropping to zero, that no artificial and temporal innovation is used as before. Intelligence-based computer procedures further shorten the working time, which also makes the frame more efficient, as the voltage is restored to its typical value in a short time if the test frame is played for 1 second in a MATLAB climate / SIMULINK. The time taken by the ACO algorithm to restore normal operating conditions in the line was 0.197 seconds, 0.206 seconds and 0.27 seconds for LLLG, LLG and LG errors, respectively.

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Research on the Impact of Xiamen VSC-HVDC on the Short-circuit Current Level of the Power Grid and the Suppression Measures

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/647/1/012013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 647 ◽

pp. 012013

Author(s):

Qingmei Su ◽

Ting Huang ◽

Kewen Li ◽

Huiyu Zhang ◽

Daoshan Huang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Short Circuit ◽

Power Grid ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Current Level ◽

The Impact

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Effect of Technology Scaling on MOS Transistor Performance with High-K Gate Dielectrics

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-716-b3.3 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 716 ◽

Author(s):

Nihar R. Mohapatra ◽

Madhav P. Desai ◽

Siva G. Narendra ◽

V. Ramgopal Rao

Keyword(s):

Gate Dielectric ◽

Gate Dielectrics ◽

Channel Length ◽

Mos Transistors ◽

Short Channel ◽

Technology Scaling ◽

Mos Transistor ◽

Wide Range ◽

Impact Of Technology ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe impact of technology scaling on the MOS transistor performance is studied over a wide range of dielectric permittivities using two-dimensional (2-D) device simulations. It is found that the device short channel performance is degraded with increase in the dielectric permittivity due to an increase in dielectric physical thickness to channel length ratio. For Kgate greater than Ksi, we observe a substantial coupling between source and drain regions through the gate dielectric. We provide extensive 2-D device simulation results to prove this point. Since much of the coupling between source and drain occurs through the gate dielectric, it is observed that the overlap length is an important parameter for optimizing DC performance in the short channel MOS transistors. The effect of stacked gate dielectric and spacer dielectric on the MOS transistor performance is also studied to substantiate the above observations.

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Thermal Analysis of Heat Distribution in Busbars during Rated Current Flow in Low-Voltage Industrial Switchgear

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14092427 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2427

Author(s):

Michał Szulborski ◽

Sebastian Łapczyński ◽

Łukasz Kolimas

Keyword(s):

Structural Changes ◽

Heat Dissipation ◽

Current Flow ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Coupled Analysis ◽

Precise Representation ◽

Transient Thermal ◽

Halogen Free

The manuscript presents advanced coupled analysis: Maxwell 3D, Transient Thermal and Fluent CFD, at the time of a rated current occurring on the main busbars in the low-voltage switchgear. The simulations were procured in order to aid the design process of such enclosures. The analysis presented the rated current flow in the switchgear busbars, which allowed determining their temperature values. The main assumption of the simulation was measurements of temperature rise during rated current conditions. Simulating such conditions is a valuable asset in order to design better solutions for energy distribution gear. The simulation model was a precise representation of the actual prototype of the switchgear. Simulations results were validated by experimental research. The heat dissipation in busbars and switchgear housing through air convection was presented. The temperature distribution for the insulators in the rail bridge made of fireproof material was considered: halogen-free polyester. The results obtained during the simulation allowed for a detailed analysis of switchgear design and proper conclusions in practical and theoretical aspects. That helped in introducing structural changes in the prepared prototype of the switchgear at the design and construction stages. Deep analysis of the simulation results allowed for the development concerning the final prototype of the switchgear, which could be subjected to the full type tests. Additionally, short-circuit current simulations were procured and presented.

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Research of Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farm Collection System Short Circuit Equivalent Network

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.1732 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 448-453 ◽

pp. 1732-1737

Author(s):

Liu Bin ◽

Hong Wei Cui ◽

Li Xu ◽

Kun Wang ◽

Zhu Zhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Wind Farm ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

System Optimization ◽

Offshore Wind ◽

Offshore Wind Farm ◽

Collection System ◽

Medium Voltage ◽

The Impact

This paper analyses the characteristics of large-scale offshore wind farm collection network and the impact of the medium voltage collection system optimization,while from the electrical technology point,it proposes the short circuit current of the collection network computational model and algorithms,based on the principle of equivalent circuit.Taking a wind power coolection system planned for a certain offshore wind farm planning for example, the validity of the model and algorithm is verified.

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Analytical and Experimental Studies on Induced Current Switching by a Fault-Proof Gas Insulated Earthing Switch

International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems ◽

10.2202/1553-779x.2562 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Mandava Mohana Rao ◽

Moutusi Paul ◽

H.S. Jain

Keyword(s):

Short Circuit ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Induced Current ◽

Current Switching ◽

Test Circuit ◽

Reliable Performance ◽

Gas Insulated Substation ◽

The Impact

Fault-proof earthing switches are one of the important modules of a gas insulated substation, as it enables make at 100 percent short circuit current, which is functionally different from maintenance earthing switches. The fault-proof earthing switch shall be designed to make and break electro-magnetically and electro-statically induced currents as per IEC-62271-102. The paper discusses the impact of test circuit configurations and voltage on test parameters for gas insulated fault-proof earthing switch utilizing simulation with PSCAD software. Authors record the development of a 145 kV gas insulated fault proof earthing switch by considering novel design features like minimum arcing/pre-arcing time, effective current transfer from arcing contact to ground terminal, etc. The development has been evaluated successfully for electro-magnetically and electro-statically induced current duties as per IEC. Finally, design parameters to be considered for ensuring reliable performance during induced current switching from fault-proof earthing switches are also discussed.

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Implementation and Experimental Verification of Smart Junction Box for Low-Voltage Automotive Electronics in Electric Vehicles

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10072214 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 2214

Author(s):

Sang Wook Lee ◽

Soo-Whang Baek

Keyword(s):

Electric Vehicles ◽

Printed Circuit Board ◽

Pulse Width Modulation ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Area Network ◽

Automotive Electronics ◽

Overload Protection ◽

The Impact

In this study, we designed and implemented a smart junction box (SJB) that was optimized for supplying power to low-voltage headlights (13.5 V) in electric vehicles. The design incorporated a number of automotive semiconductor devices, and components were placed in a high-density arrangement to reduce the overall size of the final design. The heat generated by the SJB was efficiently managed to mount an Intelligent Power Switch (IPS), which was used to power the headlights onto the printed circuit board (PCB) to minimize the impact on other components. The SJB was designed to provide power to the headlights via pulse width modulation to extend their lifetime. In addition, overload protection and fail/safe functions were implemented in the software to improve the stability of the system, and a controller area network (CAN) bus was provided for communications with various components in the SJB as well as with external controllers. The performance of the SJB was validated via a load operation test to assess the short circuit and overload protection functions, and the output duty cycle was evaluated across a range of input voltages to ensure proper operation. Based on our results, the power supplied to the headlights was found to be uniform and stable.

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Effect of luminal acidity on the apical cation channel in rabbit esophageal epithelium

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00385.2005 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 292 (3) ◽

pp. G796-G805 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

N. A. Tobey ◽

C. M. Argote ◽

M. S. Awayda ◽

X. C. Vanegas ◽

R. C. Orlando

Keyword(s):

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Acid Reflux ◽

Cation Channel ◽

Esophageal Epithelium ◽

Protective Function ◽

Membrane Area ◽

Luminal Ph ◽

The Impact

Esophageal epithelial cells contain an apical cation channel that actively absorbs sodium ions (Na+). Since these channels are exposed in vivo to acid reflux, we sought the impact of high acidity on Na+channel function in Ussing-chambered rabbit epithelium. Serosal nystatin abolished short-circuit current ( Isc) and luminal pH titrated from pH 7.0 to pH ≥ 2.0 had no effect on Isc. Circuit analysis at pH 2.0 showed small, but significant, increases in apical and shunt resistances. At pH < 2.0, Iscincreased whereas resistance ( RT) decreased along with an increase in fluorescein flux. The change in Isc, but not RT, was reversible at pH 7.4. Reducing pH from 7.0 to 1.1 with H2SO4gave a similar pattern but higher Iscvalues, suggesting shunt permselectivity. A 10:1 Na+gradient after nystatin increased Iscby ∼4 μAmps/cm2and this declined at pH ≤ 3.5 until it reached ∼0.0 at pH 2.0. Impedance analysis on acid-exposed (non-nystatin treated) tissues showed compensatory changes in apical (increase) and basolateral (decrease) resistance at modest luminal acidity that were poorly reversible at pH 2.0 and associated with declines in capacitance, a reflection of lower apical membrane area. In esophageal epithelium apical cation channels transport Na+at gradients as low as 10:1 but do not transport H+at gradients of 100,000:1 (luminal pH 2.0). Luminal acid also inhibits Na+transport via the channels and abolishes it at pH 2.0. These effects on the channel may serve as a protective function for esophageal epithelium exposed to acid reflux.

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