Development of New Material Testing Apparatus in High-Pressure Hydrogen and Evaluation of Hydrogen Gas Embrittlement of Metals

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Fukuyama ◽  
Masaaki Imade ◽  
Kiyoshi Yokogawa
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Material Testing ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

A new type of apparatus for material testing in high-pressure gas of up to 100 MPa was developed. The apparatus consists of a pressure vessel and a high-pressure control system that applies the controlled pressure to the pressure vessel. A piston is installed inside a cylinder in the pressure vessel, and a specimen is connected to the lower part of the piston. The load is caused by the pressure difference between the upper room and the lower room separated by the piston, which can be controlled to a loading mode by the pressure valves of the high-pressure system supplying gas to the vessel. Hydrogen gas embrittlement (HGE) and internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement (IRHE) of austenitic stainless steels and iron- and nickel-based superalloys used for high-pressure hydrogen storage of fuel cell vehicle were evaluated by conducting tensile tests in 70 MPa hydrogen. Although the HGE of these metals depended on modified Ni equivalent, the IRHE did not. The HGE of austenitic stainless steels was larger than their IRHE; however, the HGE of superalloys was not always larger than their IRHE. The effects of the chemical composition and metallic structure of these materials on the HGE and IRHE were discussed. The HGE of austenitic stainless steels was examined in 105 MPa hydrogen. The following were identified; SUS304: HGE in stage II, solution-annealed SUS316: HGE in stage III, sensitized SUS316: HGE in stage II, SUS316L: HGE in FS, SUS316LN: HGE in stage III and SUS310S: no HGE.

Hydrogen-Induced Ductility Loss of Austenitic Stainless Steels for Slow Strain Rate Tensile Testing in High-Pressure Hydrogen Gas

2016 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
Saburo Matsuoka ◽  
Junichiro Yamabe ◽  
Hisao Matsunaga
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Strain Rate ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Surface Crack ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Slow Strain Rate ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

For slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test in hydrogen gas, the degradation in relative reduction in area (RRA) of 300-series austenitic stainless steels is mainly attributed to hydrogen-assisted surface crack growth (HASCG) accompanied by quasi-cleavages. To establish novel criteria for authorizing various austenitic stainless steels for use in high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, a mechanism of the HASCG should be elucidated. At first, this study performed SSRT tests on six types of austenitic stainless steels, Types 304, 316, 316L, 306(hi-Ni), 304N2 and 304(N), in high-pressure hydrogen gas and showed that the RRAs were successfully quantified in terms of a newly-proposed nickel-equivalent equation. Then, to elucidate the microscopic mechanism of the HASCG, elasto-plastic fracture toughness (JIC), fatigue crack growth (FCG) and fatigue life tests on Types 304, 316 and 316L were carried out in high-pressure hydrogen gas. The results demonstrated that the SSRT surface crack grew via the same mechanism as for the JIC and fatigue cracks, i.e., these cracks successively grow with a sharp shape under the loading process, due to local slip deformations near the crack tip by hydrogen. Detailed observations of SSRT surface cracks on Types 304 and 316L were also performed, exhibiting that the onset of the HASCG occurred at the true strain of 0.1 or larger in high-pressure hydrogen gas.

scholarly journals A Compendium of Mechanical Testing of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Hydrogen

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poh-Sang Lam ◽  
Andrew J. Duncan ◽  
Michael J. Morgan ◽  
Robert L. Sindelar ◽  
Thad M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Test Data ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Tensile Ductility ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Savannah River ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

Archival materials test data on austenitic stainless steels for service in high pressure hydrogen gas has been reviewed. The bulk of the data were from tests conducted prior to 1983 at the Savannah River Laboratory, the predecessor to the Savannah River National Laboratory, for pressures up to 69 MPa (10,000 psi) and at temperatures within the range from 78 to 400 K (−195 to 127 °C). The data showed several prominent effects and correlations with test conditions: • There was a significant reduction in tensile ductility as measured by reduction of area or by the total elongation with hydrogen. Hydrogen effects were observed when the specimens were tested in the hydrogen environment, or the specimens were precharged in high pressure hydrogen and tested in air or helium. • There was a significant reduction in fracture toughness with hydrogen (and sometimes in tearing modulus which is proportional to the slope of the crack resistance curve). • The effects of hydrogen on ductility can be correlated to the nickel content of the iron-chromium-nickel steels. The optimal nickel content to retain the high tensile ductility in these alloys was 10 to at least 20 wt. %. • The effects of hydrogen can be correlated to the grain size. Large grain sizes exhibited a greater loss of ductility compared to small grain sizes. The Savannah River Laboratory test data, especially those not readily available in the open literature, along with the sources of the data, are documented in this paper.

scholarly journals OS2105 SSRT Property of High Strength Austenitic Stainless Steels in High Pressure Hydrogen Gas

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 (0) ◽  
pp. _OS2105-1_-_OS2105-2_
Author(s):  
Hisatake ITOGA ◽  
Takashi MATSUO ◽  
Hisao MATSUNAGA ◽  
Saburo MATSUOKA
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

Development of New Material Testing Apparatus in 230 MPa Hydrogen and Evaluation of Hydrogen Gas Embrittlement of Metals

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiji Fukuyama ◽  
Masaaki Imade ◽  
Takashi Iijima ◽  
Kiyoshi Yokogawa
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
External Loading ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Pressure Balance ◽  
Testing Apparatus

A new materials testing apparatus using an external loading system in 230 MPa hydrogen at room temperature was developed. The apparatus consisted of a pressure vessel with a loading device for the slow strain rate technique (SSRT). The elimination of the axial load due to high pressure acting on the pull rod was achieved by the pressure balance method. The apparatus was designed to measure the actual load on the specimen with an external load cell irrespective of the axial load caused by high pressure and friction at the sliding seals. The hydrogen gas embrittlement (HGE) of austenitic stainless steels, SUS304, SUS316, SUS316LN, SUS316L and SUS310S of the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), and an iron-based superalloy, SUH660 JIS, and a nickel-based superalloy, Hastelloy C22, was evaluated by conducting SSRT tests in 210 MPa hydrogen using the apparatus at room temperature. The following was observed: SUS304, moderate HGE in stage II; SUS316, moderate HGE in stage III; SUS316LN, light HGE in stage III; SUS316L, light HGE in FS; SUS310S, undetectable HGE; SUH660, light HGE in stage III; and Hastelloy C22, heavy HGE in stage II. The HGE of the materials was also discussed.

Effects of high-pressure hydrogen charging on the structure of austenitic stainless steels

2004 ◽  
Vol 384 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
M HOELZEL ◽  
S DANILKIN ◽  
H EHRENBERG ◽  
D TOEBBENS ◽  
T UDOVIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Charging ◽  
Pressure Hydrogen

Evaluation of Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement and Fatigue Properties of Stainless Steels in High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen: Investigation of Materials Properties in High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen—2

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiko Omura ◽  
Mitsuo Miyahara ◽  
Hiroyuki Semba ◽  
Masaaki Igarashi ◽  
Hiroyuki Hirata
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Gaseous Hydrogen ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Hydrogen Environment

Hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) susceptibility in high pressure gaseous hydrogen was investigated on 300 series austenitic stainless steels and A6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Tensile properties of these materials were evaluated by Slow Strain Rate Testing (SSRT) in gaseous hydrogen pressurized up to 90MPa (13053 psig) in the temperature range from −40 to 85 degrees C (−40 to 185 degrees F). HEE susceptibilities of austenitic stainless steels strongly depended upon the chemical compositions and testing temperatures. A6061-T6 aluminum alloy showed no degradation by hydrogen. Fatigue properties in high pressure gaseous hydrogen were evaluated by the external cyclic pressurization test using tubular specimens. The tubular specimen was filled with high pressure hydrogen gas, and the outside of the specimen was cyclically pressurized with water. Type 304 showed a decrease in the fatigue life in hydrogen gas, while as for type 316L and A6061-T6 the difference of the fatigue life between hydrogen and argon environments was small. HEE susceptibility of investigated materials was discussed based on the stability of an austenitic structure.

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