scholarly journals A perfectly inelastic collision: Bulk prey engulfment by baleen whales and dynamical implications for the world's largest cetaceans

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 851-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Potvin ◽  
David E. Cade ◽  
Alexander J. Werth ◽  
Robert E. Shadwick ◽  
Jeremy A. Goldbogen
Keyword(s):  
Inelastic Collision ◽  
Baleen Whales

Inelastic Collision Processes of Methane and Ethane Molecules at a Pt(111) Surface Studied by Molecular Beam Scattering Techniques

1999 ◽  
Vol 38 (Part 1, No. 12A) ◽  
pp. 6910-6914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinjiro Yagyu ◽  
Yasunobu Kino ◽  
Toshiyuki Ikeuchi ◽  
Tomomi Hiraoka ◽  
Takahiro Kondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Inelastic Collision ◽  
Molecular Beam Scattering ◽  
Beam Scattering ◽  
Collision Processes

Comment on an Inelastic Collision Service

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 1490-1490
Author(s):  
Charles Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Inelastic Collision

Estimating mean body masses of marine mammals from maximum body lengths

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 886-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W Trites ◽  
Daniel Pauly
Keyword(s):  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Sperm Whales ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Sea Lions ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Maximum Body ◽  
Maximum Body Length

Generalized survival models were applied to growth curves published for 17 species of cetaceans (5 mysticetes, 12 odontocetes) and 13 species of pinnipeds (1 odobenid, 4 otariids, 8 phocids). The mean mass of all individuals in the population was calculated and plotted against the maximum body length reported for each species. The data showed strong linearity (on logarithmic scales), with three distinct clusters of points corresponding to the mysticetes (baleen whales), odontocetes (toothed whales), and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses). Exceptions to this pattern were the sperm whales, which appeared to be more closely related to the mysticetes than to the odontocetes. Regression equations were applied to the maximum lengths reported for 76 species of marine mammals without published growth curves. Estimates of mean body mass were thus derived for 106 living species of marine mammals.

scholarly journals Multiple-stage decisions in a marine central-place forager

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 160043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari S. Friedlaender ◽  
David W. Johnston ◽  
Reny B. Tyson ◽  
Amanda Kaltenberg ◽  
Jeremy A. Goldbogen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Central Place Forager ◽  
Prey Patches

Air-breathing marine animals face a complex set of physical challenges associated with diving that affect the decisions of how to optimize feeding. Baleen whales (Mysticeti) have evolved bulk-filter feeding mechanisms to efficiently feed on dense prey patches. Baleen whales are central place foragers where oxygen at the surface represents the central place and depth acts as the distance to prey. Although hypothesized that baleen whales will target the densest prey patches anywhere in the water column, how depth and density interact to influence foraging behaviour is poorly understood. We used multi-sensor archival tags and active acoustics to quantify Antarctic humpback whale foraging behaviour relative to prey. Our analyses reveal multi-stage foraging decisions driven by both krill depth and density. During daylight hours when whales did not feed, krill were found in deep high-density patches. As krill migrated vertically into larger and less dense patches near the surface, whales began to forage. During foraging bouts, we found that feeding rates (number of feeding lunges per hour) were greatest when prey was shallowest, and feeding rates decreased with increasing dive depth. This strategy is consistent with previous models of how air-breathing diving animals optimize foraging efficiency. Thus, humpback whales forage mainly when prey is more broadly distributed and shallower, presumably to minimize diving and searching costs and to increase feeding rates overall and thus foraging efficiency. Using direct measurements of feeding behaviour from animal-borne tags and prey availability from echosounders, our study demonstrates a multi-stage foraging process in a central place forager that we suggest acts to optimize overall efficiency by maximizing net energy gain over time. These data reveal a previously unrecognized level of complexity in predator–prey interactions and underscores the need to simultaneously measure prey distribution in marine central place forager studies.

Generation of extra and very low-frequency (ELF/VLF) radiation by ionospheric electrojet modulation using high-frequency (HF) heating waves

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. KUO
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Thermal Instability ◽  
Loss Rate ◽  
Inelastic Collision ◽  
Modulation Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Heating Power ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
Hf Heating ◽  
Heating Wave

Extra and very low-frequency (ELF/VLF) wave generation by modulated polar electrojet currents is studied numerically. Through Ohmic heating by the amplitude-modulated high-frequency heating wave, the conductivity and thus the current of the electrojet are modulated accordingly to set up the ionospheric antenna current. Stimulated thermal instability, which can further enhance the electrojet current modulation, is studied. It is first analysed analytically to determine the threshold heating power for its excitation. The nonlinear evolutions of the generated ELF/VLF waves enhanced by the instability are then studied numerically. Their spectra are also evaluated. The field intensity of the emission at the fundamental modulation frequency is found to increase with the modulation frequency in agreement with the Tromso observations. The efficiency enhancement by the stimulated thermal instability is hampered by inelastic collisions of electrons with neutral particles (mainly due to vibration excitation of N2), which cause this instability to saturate at low levels. However, the electron inelastic collision loss rate drops rapidly to a low value in the energy regime from 3.5 to 6 eV. As the heating power exceeds a threshold level, significant electron heating enhanced by the instability is shown, which indeed causes a steep drop in the electron inelastic collision loss rate. Consequently, this instability saturates at a much higher level, resulting to a near step increase (of about 10–13 dB depending on the modulation wave form) in the spectral intensity of ELF radiation. The dependence of the threshold power of the HF heating wave on the modulation frequency is determined.

scholarly journals The core software framework for the LHCb Upgrade

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 05040
Author(s):  
Concezio Bozzi ◽  
Sébastien Ponce ◽  
Stefan Roiser
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Inelastic Collision ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Software Framework ◽  
Collision Rate ◽  
Proton Proton ◽  
Work Program ◽  
The Core ◽  
Lhcb Detector ◽  
Many Core

The LHCb detector will be upgraded for the LHC Run 3. The new, full software trigger must be able to sustain the 30MHz proton-proton inelastic collision rate. The Gaudi framework currently used in LHCb has been re-engineered in order to enable the efficient usage of vector registers and of multi-and many-core architectures. This contribution presents the critical points that had to be tackled, the current status of the core software framework and an outlook of the work program that will address the challenges of the software trigger.

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