Further Characterization of Human Salivary Anticandidal Activities in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Cohort by Use of Microassays

ABSTRACT Salivary anticandidal activities play an important role in oral candidal infection. R. P. Santarpia et al. (Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 7:38–43, 1992) developed in vitro anticandidal assays to measure the ability of saliva to inhibit the viability of Candida albicans blastoconidia and the formation of germ tubes byC. albicans. In this report, we describe modifications of these assays for use with small volumes of saliva (50 to 100 μl). For healthy subjects, there is strong inhibition of blastoconidial viability in stimulated parotid (75%), submandibular-sublingual (74%), and whole (97%) saliva, as well as strong inhibition of germ tube formation (>80%) for all three saliva types. The susceptibility of several Candida isolates to inhibition of viability by saliva collected from healthy subjects is independent of body source ofCandida isolation (blood, oral cavity, or vagina) or the susceptibility of the isolate to the antifungal drug fluconazole. Salivary anticandidal activities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls for inhibition of blastoconidial viability (P< 0.05) and germ tube formation (P < 0.001). Stimulated whole-saliva flow rates were also significantly lower (P < 0.05) for HIV-infected patients. These results show that saliva of healthy individuals has anticandidal activity and that this activity is reduced in the saliva of HIV-infected patients. These findings may help explain the greater incidence of oral candidal infections for individuals with AIDS.

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Detection of Candida dubliniensis in Oropharyngeal Samples from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients in North America by Primary CHROMagar Candida Screening and Susceptibility Testing of Isolates

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.36.10.3007-3012.1998 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 3007-3012 ◽

Cited By ~ 112

Author(s):

William R. Kirkpatrick ◽

Sanjay G. Revankar ◽

Robert K. Mcatee ◽

Jose L. Lopez-Ribot ◽

Annette W. Fothergill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

San Antonio ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Candida Dubliniensis ◽

Differential Growth ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Dark Green

Candida dubliniensis has been associated with oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). C. dubliniensis isolates may have been improperly characterized as atypical Candida albicans due to the phenotypic similarity between the two species. Prospective screening of oral rinses from 63 HIV-infected patients detected atypical dark green isolates on CHROMagar Candida compared to typical C. albicans isolates, which are light green. Forty-eight atypical isolates and three control strains were characterized by germ tube formation, differential growth at 37, 42, and 45°C, identification by API 20C, fluorescence, chlamydoconidium production, and fingerprinting by Ca3 probe DNA hybridization patterns. All isolates were germ tube positive. Very poor or no growth occurred at 42°C with 22 of 51 isolates. All 22 poorly growing isolates at 42°C and one isolate with growth at 42°C showed weak hybridization of the Ca3 probe with genomic DNA, consistent with C. dubliniensis identification. No C. dubliniensisisolate but only 18 of 28 C. albicans isolates grew at 45°C. Other phenotypic or morphologic tests were less reliable in differentiating C. dubliniensis from C. albicans. Antifungal susceptibility testing showed fluconazole MICs ranging from ≤0.125 to 64 μg/ml. Two isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC, 64 μg/ml) and one strain was dose dependent susceptible (MIC, 16 μg/ml). MICs of other azoles, including voriconazole, itraconazole, and SCH 56592, for these isolates were lower. C. dubliniensis was identified in 11 of 63 (17%) serially evaluated patients. Variability in phenotypic characteristics dictates the use of molecular and biochemical techniques to identifyC. dubliniensis. This study identifies C. dubliniensis in HIV-infected patients from San Antonio, Tex., and shows that C. dubliniensis is frequently detected in those patients by using a primary CHROMagar screen.

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Impact of Brief and Sequential Exposure to Nystatin on the Germ Tube Formation and Cell Surface Hydrophobicity of Oral Candida Albicans Isolates from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

Medical Principles and Practice ◽

10.1159/000362369 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 307-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Arjuna N.B. Ellepola ◽

Lakshman P. Samaranayake

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Candida Albicans ◽

Cell Surface ◽

Germ Tube ◽

Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ◽

Surface Hydrophobicity ◽

Tube Formation ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus

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In Vitro and In Vivo Anticandidal Activity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1086/314871 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 180 (2) ◽

pp. 448-453 ◽

Cited By ~ 136

Author(s):

Antonio Cassone ◽

Flavia De Bernardis ◽

Antonella Torosantucci ◽

Evelina Tacconelli ◽

Mario Tumbarello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Protease Inhibitors ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Anticandidal Activity

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of In vitro resistance to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 maturation inhibitor PA-457 (Bevirimat).

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1040768.489808 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Jonathan Schapiro

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Maturation Inhibitor

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DEVELOPMENT OF APPROACHES FOR DETECTION OF GENOME-INTEGRATED PROVIRAL DNA OF THE HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV-1) IN ULTRA LOW CONCENTRATIONS USING THE CRISPR/CAS SYSTEM

Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety – 2020. Russian national scientific and practical conference with international participation (October, 6–8, 2020): Conference Proceedings ◽

10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-118 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

M.A. Tyumentseva ◽

◽

A.I. Tyumentsev ◽

V.G. Akimkin ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Health Monitoring ◽

Biological Samples ◽

Proviral Dna ◽

Guide Rnas ◽

Ribonucleoprotein Complexes ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

For the effective functioning of supervisory and health monitoring services, it is necessary to introduce modern molecular technologies into their practice. Therefore, the task of developing new effective methods for detecting pathogen, for example HIV, based on CRISPR/CAS genome editing systems, remains urgent. In the present work, guide RNAs and specific oligonucleotides were developed for preliminary amplification of highly conserved regions of the HIV-1 genome. The developed guide RNAs make it possible to detect single copies of HIV-1 proviral DNA in vitro as part of CRISPR/CAS ribonucleoprotein complexes in biological samples after preliminary amplification.

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