A systematic review of prospective epidemiological research into injury and illness in Olympic combat sport

BackgroundCombat sports involve body contact through striking, kicking and/or throwing. They are anecdotally referred to as ‘dangerous’, yet long-term investigation into specific injury rates is yet to be explored.ObjectiveTo describe incidence and prevalence of injury and illness within Olympic combat sports and to investigate risk of bias of prospective injury and illness research within these sports.MethodsWe systematically searched literature published up until May 2016. We included prospective studies of injury/illness in elite combat athletes lasting more than 12 weeks. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black checklist for methodological quality. Included studies were mapped to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine levels of evidence.ResultsNine studies were included, and most (n=6) had moderate risk of bias. Studies provided level 1/2b evidence that the most frequently injured areas were the head/face (45.8%), wrist (12.0%) and lower back (7.8%) in boxing; the lower back (10.9%), shoulder (10.2%) and knee (9.7%) in judo; the fingers (22.8%) and thigh (9.1%) in taekwondo; and the knee (24.8%), shoulder (17.8%) and head/face (16.6%) in wrestling. Heterogeneity of injury severity classifications and inconsistencies inexposure measures prevented any direct comparisons of injury severity/incidence across combat sports.ConclusionsThere is currently a lack of consensus in the collection of injury/illness data, limiting the development of prevention programmes for combat sport as a whole. However, sport-specific data that identify body areas with high injury frequency can provide direction to clinicians, enabling them to focus their attention on developing pathologies in these areas. In doing so, clinicians can enhance the practical elements of their role within the integrated combat sport performance team and assist in the regular update of surveillance records.

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Inertial Sensors for Performance Analysis in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports7010028 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 28 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Matthew Worsey ◽

Hugo Espinosa ◽

Jonathan Shepherd ◽

David Thiel

Keyword(s):

Performance Analysis ◽

Best Practice ◽

Performance Monitoring ◽

Inertial Sensors ◽

Inertial Sensor ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Sensor Technology ◽

Future Research ◽

Combat Sports ◽

Combat Sport

The integration of technology into training and competition sport settings is becoming more commonplace. Inertial sensors are one technology being used for performance monitoring. Within combat sports, there is an emerging trend to use this type of technology; however, the use and selection of this technology for combat sports has not been reviewed. To address this gap, a systematic literature review for combat sport athlete performance analysis was conducted. A total of 36 records were included for review, demonstrating that inertial measurements were predominately used for measuring strike quality. The methodology for both selecting and implementing technology appeared ad-hoc, with no guidelines for appropriately analysing the results. This review summarises a framework of best practice for selecting and implementing inertial sensor technology for evaluating combat sport performance. It is envisaged that this review will act as a guide for future research into applying technology to combat sport.

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Application of a Preventive Training Program Implementation Framework to Youth Soccer and Basketball Organizations

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-375-17 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 182-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hayley J. Root ◽

Barnett S. Frank ◽

Craig R. Denegar ◽

Douglas J. Casa ◽

David I. Gregorio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Program Implementation ◽

Administrative Support ◽

Neuromuscular Control ◽

Initial Step ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Implementation Framework ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Youth Athletes ◽

Education Workshop

Context Preventive training programs (PTPs) can reduce injury rates and improve neuromuscular control and sport performance. However, PTPs must be implemented correctly and consistently over time for athletes to benefit. Coaches represent the best long-term option for implementing PTPs. Youth athletes are at the optimal age for developing good habits before maturation. Although frameworks have been proposed to guide implementation efforts, little is known regarding the feasibility and real-world context of PTP implementation at the youth sport level. Objective To evaluate the application of the 7-Step framework for promoting implementation of a preseason PTP workshop. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Youth soccer and basketball organizations. Patients or Other Participants Organizations with at least 1 team of athletes aged 8 to 14 years were invited to participate in a free preseason coaches' education workshop on PTP implementation. Intervention(s) The 7-Step framework was used to guide PTP education and implementation for each organization. Personnel at organizations that agreed to participate attended a single preseason workshop for coaches. Research staff were available as a resource throughout the season but did not actively implement or monitor the PTPs. Main Outcome Measure(s) Retrospective evaluation of each organization's completion of steps 1 through 5 of the 7-Step framework. Results A total of 62 youth soccer (n = 40) and basketball (n = 22) organizations were invited to participate. Twelve organizations completed steps 1 through 4 and steps 5a through 5d. The highest drop-off rate occurred during step 1, “Establishing Administrative Support.” No organization completed all components of steps 1 through 5. Conclusions To better understand how to successfully promote PTP adoption, we must identify the implementation steps that may present the most challenges. Because the highest drop-off rate was seen during the initial step, establishing administrative support and strengthening initial engagement are necessary to improve PTP implementation.

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Do professional fights go too long?: A video review of concussions and their consequences in professional boxing and MMA matches

10.1101/2020.04.28.20073221 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Charles Bernick ◽

Tucker Hansen ◽

Winnie Ng ◽

Vernon Williams ◽

Margaret Goodman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Video Analysis ◽

Medical Personnel ◽

Combat Sports ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Policy Changes ◽

Brain Health ◽

Video Review ◽

The Mean ◽

Retrospective Video Analysis ◽

Professional Boxing

AbstractObjectivesDetermine, through video reviews, how often concussions occur in combat sport matches, how well non-medical personnel can be trained to recognize concussions and how often fights are judged to continue too long.MethodsThis is a retrospective video analysis by an 8 person panel of 60 professional fights (30 boxing and 30 mixed martial arts). Through video review, medical and non-medical personnel recorded details about each probable concussion and determined if and when they would have stopped the fight compared to the official stoppage time.ResultsA concussion was recorded in 47/60 fights. The fighter that sustained the first concussion ultimately lost 98% of the time. The physician and non-physician raters had 86% agreement regarding the number of concussions that occurred to each fighter per match. The mean number of concussions per minute of fight time was 0.08 (0.06 for boxers and 0.10 for MMA). When stratifying by outcome of the bout, the mean number of concussion per minute for the winner was 0.01 compared to the loser at 0.15 concussions per minute. The physician raters judged that 24 of the 60 fights (11 boxing [37%]; 13 MMA [43 %]) should have been stopped sooner than what occurred.ConclusionRecognizing that the losing fighter almost always is concussed first and tends to sustain more concussions during the fight, along with the demonstration that non-physician personnel can be taught to recognize concussion, may guide policy changes that improve brain health in combat sports.

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Design and Analysis of Electronic Wearables for Taekwondo Sports

10.32920/16815016.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fayez Qureshi

Keyword(s):

Scoring Systems ◽

Classification Algorithms ◽

Final Decision ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Body Contact ◽

Impact Detection ◽

Home Training ◽

Great Step ◽

Real Time Application ◽

Full Body

<div>Taekwondo is a combat sport that is based on striking and involves full body contact. Initially, it a referee-exclusive sport and that led to increased controversy on referee/judges’ accuracy, bias and fairness. To address these concerns, point scoring systems (PSS) were introduced in 2012 only consisting of a chest protector and in 2016 head protectors were added. Constant improvements have been made on these PSS and new impact classification algorithms and hardware were developed for a system made by 20/20 Armor. The work achieved 90% accuracy for illegal vs legal classification on the head protector and 94.4% accuracy between legal impacts to the chest protector. This work proved to be a great step forward since reliance is increasing on these PSS as they are now the “final decision” for impact detection in Taekwondo. Furthermore, our algorithms use edge computing that allow for real time application and at-home training.</div>

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Theoretical Basis of Technical-tactical Behavior and its Application in Ultimate Full Contact Training

The Open Sports Sciences Journal ◽

10.2174/1875399x02114010009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 9-13

Author(s):

Fernando C. Loio Pinto ◽

Henrique P. Neiva ◽

Ricardo Ferraz

Keyword(s):

Technical Efficiency ◽

Theoretical Basis ◽

Combat Sports ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Training Process ◽

Training Models ◽

Full Contact ◽

Physiological Load ◽

Tactical Training ◽

Tactical Knowledge

Background: Technical-tactical training has been shown to be relevant to performance in a competition. In this regard, several studies have analysed the efficiency of technical-tactical dynamics in combat sports. However, these researchers have mainly focused on technical efficiency, and therefore more research is needed regarding tactical efficiency. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published experiential studies on Ultimate Full Contact. Objective: This brief review will analyse the theoretical basis of technical-tactical behaviour for training application in Ultimate Full Contact, characterising the modality under cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches. This knowledge can be transferred and applied to similar modalities, such as Pankration, Free Fight, Shooto, and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Conclusion: The theoretical technical-tactical knowledge created through competition is essential because it is the only way that improvement in the training process can occur. Ultimate Full Contact is characterised as a combat sport of special complexity and intermitent intensity, where the technical-tactical factors are decisive for the performance while the physical component can be a conditioning factor. A careful regulation between technical-tactical training load and physiological load is essential to obtain adjustable adaptations. Both cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches should be considered based on the respective training models.

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Practices of Weight Regulation Among Elite Athletes in Combat Sports: A Matter of Mental Advantage?

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-48.1.04 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 99-108 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Stefan Pettersson ◽

Marianne Pipping Ekström ◽

Christina M. Berg

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

The Internet ◽

Rapid Weight Loss ◽

Weight Regulation ◽

Combat Sports ◽

Combat Sport ◽

Weight Category ◽

National Team ◽

Common Notion ◽

Age Range

Context The combination of extensive weight loss and inadequate nutritional strategies used to lose weight rapidly for competition in weight-category sports may negatively affect athletic performance and health. Objective To explore the reasoning of elite combat-sport athletes about rapid weight loss and regaining of weight before competitions. Design Qualitative study. Setting With grounded theory as a theoretical framework, we employed a cross-examinational approach including interviews, observations, and Internet sources. Sports observations were obtained at competitions and statements by combat-sport athletes were collected on the Internet. Patients or Other Participants Participants in the interviews were 14 Swedish national team athletes (9 men, 5 women; age range, 18 to 36 years) in 3 Olympic combat sports (wrestling, judo, and taekwondo). Data Collection and Analysis Semistructured interviews with 14 athletes from the Swedish national teams in wrestling, judo, and taekwondo were conducted at a location of each participant's choice. The field observations were conducted at European competitions in these 3 sports. In addition, interviews and statements made by athletes in combat sports were collected on the Internet. Results Positive aspects of weight regulation other than gaining physical advantage emerged from the data during the analysis: sport identity, mental diversion, and mental advantage. Together and individually, these categories point toward the positive aspects of weight regulation experienced by the athletes. Practicing weight regulation mediates a self-image of being “a real athlete.” Weight regulation is also considered mentally important as a part of the precompetition preparation, serving as a coping strategy by creating a feeling of increased focus and commitment. Moreover, a mental advantage relative to one's opponents can be gained through the practice of weight regulation. Conclusions Weight regulation has mentally important functions extending beyond the common notion that combat-sport athletes reduce their weight merely to gain a physical edge over their opponents.

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Detailed injury epidemiology in contemporary dance: a 1-year prospective study of 134 students

BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine ◽

10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000453 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. e000453 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Diana P A M van Winden ◽

Rogier M Van Rijn ◽

Angelo Richardson ◽

Geert J P Savelsbergh ◽

Raôul R D Oudejans ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Centre ◽

Injury Incidence ◽

Contemporary Dance ◽

Trauma Research ◽

Dance Teacher ◽

Lower Back ◽

The Arts ◽

Prevention Programmes ◽

Performing Artist ◽

Academic Year

AimWe investigated the extent and characteristics of injuries in contemporary dance students.MethodsDuring one academic year, 134 students of Bachelor dance and Bachelor dance teacher from Codarts University of the Arts (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) were prospectively monitored monthly, using the Performing Artist and Athlete Health Monitor which includes the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems.Results130 students were included in the analyses. The response rate of monthly completed questionnaires was 80%. During the academic year, 97% of students reported at least one injury, mental complaint or other health problem. The 1-year injury incidence proportion was 81%. Of these injured students, 58% were substantially injured (ie, problems leading to moderate or severe reductions in training volume or performance or complete inability to participate in activities). The monthly injury proportion (all injuries) ranged from 23% to 43% and for substantial injuries from 6% to 17%. The injury incidence rate per 1000 hours dance exposure was 1.9 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.2). Ankle/foot (30%), lower back (17%) and knee (15%) were the most common sites of injury.ConclusionContemporary dance students are at high risk for injuries. Injury prevention programmes among contemporary dance students should focus on the ankle/foot, lower back and knee.

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Major injury associated with all-terrain vehicle use in Nova Scotia: a 5-year review

CJEM ◽

10.1017/s1481803500007491 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 4 (04) ◽

pp. 263-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Aaron K. Sibley ◽

John M. Tallon

Keyword(s):

Nova Scotia ◽

Injury Severity ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Demographic Variables ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Average Hospital ◽

Major Injury ◽

Discharge Status ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Trauma Injury

ABSTRACT: Background: Riding all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) is a popular recreational activity, with approximately 1.5 million users in Canada. Despite legislation aimed at reducing injury rates, ATV-related incidents remain a major cause of trauma and death. This paper reviews the epidemiology of major injury associated with ATV use in Nova Scotia. Methods: The Nova Scotia Trauma Registry was used to identify all adults over age 15 who sustained major ATV-related trauma (Injury Severity Score [ISS] ≥12) within a 5-year period. Demographic variables, temporal statistics, alcohol use, helmet use, injury characteristics and injury outcome variables, including ISS, length of stay (LOS), Glasgow Coma Scale score and discharge status were evaluated. Results: Twenty-five patients met the inclusion criteria. Most (92%) were males, and 64% were between 16 and 34 years of age. Most injuries occurred between 1300 hrs and 1900 hrs, 52% occurred on the weekend, and 40% occurred in the spring. The average ISS was 22.1, and injuries to the central nervous system comprised 39% of all major injuries. Alcohol was involved in up to 56% of all incidents, and only 4 patients (16%) were known to be wearing a helmet at the time of injury. Average hospital LOS was 21.6 days. Interpretation: ATV-related incidents are a continuing source of major injury. This paper describes the epidemiology of ATV-related major trauma presenting to the sole tertiary care referral centre in one province. Information gained from this study should be used to influence ATV public education programs.

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Hamstring injuries in elite Gaelic football: an 8-year investigation to identify injury rates, time-loss patterns and players at increased risk

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2016-096401 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 52 (15) ◽

pp. 982-988 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Mark Roe ◽

John C Murphy ◽

Conor Gissane ◽

Catherine Blake

Keyword(s):

Management Strategies ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Hamstring Injury ◽

Time Loss ◽

Match Play ◽

Injury Rates ◽

Musculotendinous Junction ◽

Hamstring Injuries ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Prevention Programmes

BackgroundHamstring injuries occur frequently in field sports, yet longitudinal information to guide prevention programmes is missing.AimInvestigate longitudinal hamstring injury rates and associated time loss in elite Gaelic football, while identifying subgroups of players at increased risk.Methods38 data sets from 15 elite male Gaelic football teams were received by the National Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) Injury Surveillance Database between 2008 and 2015. Injury and exposure data were provided by the team's medical staff via an online platform.Results391 hamstring injuries were sustained accounting for 21% (95% CI 20.0% to 21.7%) of all injuries. Prevalence was 21% (95% CI 19.2% to 23.4%). Incidences were 2.2 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.4) per 1000 exposure hours, and 7.0 (95% CI 6.5 to 7.1) times greater in match play than in training. Typically each team sustained 9.0 (95% CI 7.0 to 11.0) hamstring injuries per season affecting the: bicep femoris belly (44%; 95% CI 39.4% to 48.7%); proximal musculotendinous junction (13%; 95% CI 9.8% to 16.3%); distal musculotendinous junction (12%; 95% CI 8.6% to 14.9%) and semimembranosis/semitendinosis belly (9%; 95% CI 6.3% to 11.7%). ∼36% (95% CI 31.5% to 41.0%) were recurrent injuries. Mean time loss was 26.0 (95% CI 21.1 to 33.0) days, which varied with age, injury type and seasonal cycle. Hamstring injuries accounted for 31% (95% CI 25.8% to 38.2%) of injury-related time loss. Previously injured players (rate ratio (RR)=3.3), players aged 18–20 years (IRR=2.3) or >30 years (RR=2.3), as well as defensive (IRR=2.0) and midfield players (RR=1.5), were most at risk of sustaining a hamstring injury. Comparisons of 2008–2011 with 2012–2015 seasons revealed a 2-fold increase in hamstring injury incidences. Between 2008 and 2015 training incidence increased 2.3-fold and match-play incidences increased 1.3-fold.ConclusionsHamstring injuries are the most frequent injury in elite Gaelic football, with incidences increasing from 2008–2011 to 2012–2015. Tailoring risk management strategies to injury history, age and playing position may reduce the burden of hamstring injuries.

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ASPECTOS RELACIONADOS AO DESEMPENHO ESPORTIVO DE JUDOCAS: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Revista Brasileira de Psicologia do Esporte ◽

10.31501/rbpe.v10i4.11073 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

Author(s):

RUBIANE GUARINO PEREIRA ◽

Mariana Souza Hreisemnou ◽

Thiago Emannuel Medeiros ◽

Walan Robert Da Silva ◽

Fernando Luiz Cardoso

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Sport Psychology ◽

Martial Arts ◽

Web Of Science ◽

Sport Performance ◽

Combat Sports

OBJETIVO: Verificar sistematicamente na literatura as variáveis que explicam o desempenho esportivo de atletas de judô. MÉTODO: Foi realizada uma combinação dos termos martial arts, judo, combat sports, olympic combat sports, sport psychology, sport performance, socioeconomic status e athlete nas seguintes bases de dados: Scopus, Pubmed, Psycnet, Sport Discus, Science Direct, Web of Science, Bireme e Scielo. Ao final da busca, sete artigos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. RESULTADOS: o Efeito da Idade Relativa está presente nas categorias mais pesadas do judô. Estar ranqueado prevê parcialmente o desempenho competitivo. Na percepção de treinadores de judô, as valências físicas podem ser preditoras de resultado. A iniciação precoce não indica sucesso na fase adulta. Apoio social, prazer pela prática e determinação são importantes para o desenvolvimento do talento esportivo. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o desempenho no judô é um fenômeno multifatorial pouco estudado e que envolve aspectos de ordem biológica e ambiental.Palavras-chave: Judô; Esportes de combate; Desempenho no esporte; Atleta.

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