Are 3 minutes good enough for obtaining baseline physiological samples from teleost fish?

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (7) ◽  
pp. 774-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lawrence ◽  
Sofia Jain-Schlaepfer ◽  
Aaron J. Zolderdo ◽  
Dirk A. Algera ◽  
Kathleen M. Gilmour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Physiological Status ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Teleost Fishes ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Multiple Metrics ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

A prerequisite to studying the physiological status of wild animals is the ability to obtain blood samples that reflect the condition prior to capture or handling. Based on research in avian taxa, it is recommended that such samples be obtained within 3 min of capture; however, this guideline has not been validated in wild teleosts. The present study addresses the time course of physiological changes in a number of blood metrics across six species of freshwater fish. Fishes were caught using a standardized angling protocol and held in a water-filled trough prior to the collection of a blood sample, via caudal phlebotomy, between 0.5 and 11 min after capture. Changes in whole-blood glucose and lactate concentrations, hematocrit, and plasma cortisol concentrations were assessed. Change-point analyses indicated that blood lactate concentrations and hematocrit did not deviate from baseline values until ∼2–5 min of handling for all species, whereas blood glucose concentrations generally did not deviate significantly from baseline over the 11 min test period. In all species, plasma cortisol concentrations began to increase above baseline between ∼4 and 8 min after capture. Thus, to ensure that blood samples are representative of baseline conditions across multiple metrics, we recommend that sampling be limited to less than 2 min in teleost fishes.

scholarly journals Blood Glucose Assay Using Dextrostix and a Reflectance Meter

1972 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. Percy-Robb ◽  
R. S. McMaster ◽  
A. D. B. Harrower ◽  
L. J. P. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Glucose Assay ◽  
Reflectance Meter ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

The ‘Dextrostix’-reflectance meter system for blood glucose analysis has been evaluated using a blood glucose reference method. A high degree of concordance between the two methods was obtained when analyses were performed by skilled laboratory staff on venous blood samples containing fluoride, with a 75 s contact time. Skilled laboratory staff performed significantly better than unskilled staff. Capillary blood glucose concentrations correlated poorly with concentrations in venous blood samples taken at the same time as the capillary blood.

scholarly journals Evaluation of portable blood glucose meters using canine and feline pooled blood samples

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mori ◽  
H. Oda ◽  
E. Onozawa ◽  
S. Shono ◽  
T. Takahashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Grid Analysis ◽  
Glucose Meter ◽  
Healthy Dogs ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Error Grid ◽  
Blood Glucose Meter

Abstract This study evaluated the accuracy and reproducibility of a human portable blood glucose meter (PBGM) for canine and feline whole blood. Reference plasma glucose values (RPGV) were concurrently measured using glucose oxidation methods. Fifteen healthy dogs and 6 healthy cats were used for blood sampling. Blood glucose concentrations and hematocrits were adjusted using pooled blood samples for our targeted values. A positive correlation between the PBGM and RPGV was found for both dogs (y = 0.877, x = −24.38, r = 0.9982, n = 73) and cats (y = 1.048, x = −27.06, r = 0.9984, n = 69). Acceptable results were obtained in error grid analysis between PBGM and RPGV in both dogs and cats; 100% of these results were within zones A and B. Following ISO recommendations, a PBGM is considered accurate if 95% of the measurements are within ± 15 mg/dl of the RPGV when the glucose concentration is <100 mg/dl and within ±15% when it is ≥100 mg/dl; however, small numbers of samples were observed inside the acceptable limits for both dogs (11%, 8 of 73 dogs) and cats (39%, 27 of 69 cats). Blood samples with high hematocrits induced lower whole blood glucose values measured by the PBGM than RPGV under hypoglycemic, normoglycemic, and hyperglycemic conditions in both dogs and cats. Therefore, this device is not clinically useful in dogs and cats. New PBGMs which automatically compensate for the hematocrit should be developed in veterinary practice.

scholarly journals Effects of the Interation of Metformin and Vernonia amygdalina (Bitter Leaf) On Steptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
A. T. Oluwayemi ◽  
E. O. Nwachuku ◽  
B. Holy
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

The effects of Vernonia amygdalina and metformin in lowering glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were evaluated. A total of 120 Wistar albino males and females rats weighing approximately 200 g were used for the study. Diabetes was induced in the rats using 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin, and it was confirmed by checking the glucose levels of the rats. Rats with glucose level greater than 10 mmol/L were considered diabetic. The extract, metformin and a combination of the extract and metformin were given orally to different groups of diabetic rats daily for 10 weeks. Four rats were sacrificed every 2 weeks, and blood samples were collected from all the groups to estimate glucose, total protein and liver enzymes. The data obtained were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between groups were established using Dunnets. The extract and metformin produced significant (P<0.05) decrease in plasma glucose concentrations in the diabetic rats. There was also a reduction in the plasma glucose of the rats that received a combination of the extract and metformin. The decrease in the blood glucose concentrations of the diabetic rats following the administration of the extract suggests that it possesses hypoglycemic effects on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The presence of flavonoids, saponins and other phytochemicals in the extract must have acted to potentiate the hypoglycemic role of the extract.

THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED ADMINISTRATION OF CORTISOL ON THE SKIN OF SHEEP ON DIFFERENT PLANES OF NUTRITION

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. CHAPMAN ◽  
J. M. BASSETT
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Fibre Growth ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations ◽  
Different Tissues

SUMMARY The effects of prolonged administration of cortisol on epithelial and dermal tissues were examined in three groups of non-pregnant ewes with different food intakes. The changes observed depended on the degree of increase in plasma cortisol and in some instances on the amount of food eaten. Successive increases in plasma cortisol up to about 3 μg/100 ml progressively inhibited the tissues in the skin of sheep on restricted food intakes, but not those in the skin of sheep which increased their intakes. In the latter, a slight increase in plasma cortisol to about 1 μg/100 ml stimulated wool production and fibre-length growth rate. Moderate increase to about 2 μg/100 ml produced temporary enlargement of sweat glands, dilatation of capillaries and an increase in the number of dermal mast cells. Regardless of the amount of food eaten, retrogression of all epithelial and dermal components was maximal when plasma cortisol remained above about 3 μg/100 ml. Follicle inactivation and cessation of fibre-growth occurred with the formation of brush-ends on the fibres. The retrogression of the tissues occurred in spite of increased blood glucose concentrations, indicating that cortisol depressed the utilization of glucose by the skin. Keratinization of the epidermis was altered and was possibly hastened. The rates of recovery of the different tissues after cessation of cortisol administration were variable. Follicle regeneration and commencement of fibre regrowth were the slowest. The epidermis of the sheep on restricted food intake showed an unusual thickening. Cortisol acetate applied topically to the skin of other sheep produced changes consistent with those induced by injected cortisol.

scholarly journals Determination of Hematocrit Interference in Blood Samples Derived from Patients with Different Blood Glucose Concentrations

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Pfützner ◽  
Christina Schipper ◽  
Sanja Ramljak ◽  
Frank Flacke ◽  
Jochen Sieber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Some effects of handling reindeer during gatherings on the composition of their blood

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hyvärinen ◽  
T. Helle ◽  
M. Nieminen ◽  
P. Väyrynen ◽  
Raija Väyrynen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Serum Urea ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Serum Creatine Phosphokinase ◽  
Simultaneous Decrease ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Summary1. The effect of gathering reindeer on the composition of the blood was studied in female reindeer and their calves herded in northern Finland. Blood samples were taken in summer at three gathering places, under differing conditions and in autumn at the same places during gatherings which lasted for longer than 2 days. These were compared with samples taken from little-disturbed animals during winter.2. Measurements were made of concentrations of glucose and lactate in whole blood and of urea, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium in serum, together with serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and glutamine oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) activities.3. Gatherings affected nearly all the blood parameters studied. In summer the temperature during separation seemed to influence glucose and lactate concentrations. The duration of the gathering and the distance the animals were driven clearly affected serum GOT and urea values.4. During the long autumn gathering serum urea concentration increased about eight-fold in 2 days accompanied by a simultaneous decrease in serum calcium.5. Serum CPK and GOT activities were higher during the summer and autumn than during the winter. Serum CPK and blood glucose concentrations were higher in young calves than in adult females.

Effects of subcutaneous administration of caffeine on the physiometabolic profile of low-birthweight neonate piglets

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (11) ◽  
pp. 981 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Orozco-Gregorio ◽  
H. Bonilla-Jaime ◽  
D. Mota-Rojas ◽  
M. E. Trujillo-Ortega ◽  
P. Roldan-Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
High Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Metabolic Alterations ◽  
Neonatal Asphyxia ◽  
Subcutaneous Dose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Caffeine administration has been used to stimulate respiration and reverse metabolic alterations in high-birthweight piglets that suffer neonatal asphyxia. However, its effect has not been evaluated on low-birthweight neonates. This study determined the effect of subcutaneously administering caffeine on the physiometabolic profile of neonate piglets with low birthweight and neonatal asphyxia. A 35-mg subcutaneous dose of caffeine, or an equivalent placebo, was randomly administered at 0 and 24 h to neonate piglets (n = 120) diagnosed with intrapartum asphyxia and classified as low-(LW) or high weight (HW) in a 2 by 2 experimental design. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 2 and 24 h postpartum. At 2 h, blood glucose concentrations diminished in the animals in both groups that were treated with caffeine (P < 0.005). Of those animals, only the ones in HW showed increased glucose concentrations by 24 h. At 0 h, group LW exhibited the highest levels of pCO2 (P < 0.005). In contrast, from 2 to 24 h only the neonates in group HW treated with caffeine reached the levels of pCO2 and pO2 characteristic of non-asphyxiated piglets. At the conclusion of the experiment, the weight of the piglets in group LW that were treated with caffeine was less than that of those that received the placebo. In contrast, the weight of the piglets in group HW that were treated with caffeine was 19% higher than that of those which received the placebo (P < 0.005). In this study, administering two doses of 35 mg of caffeine to LW neonate piglets significantly accelerated their energy expenditure, thus reducing their weight gain at 8 days of life; in contrast, the physiometabolic profile of the HW neonate piglets improved and they showed greater weight gain.

scholarly journals Acute hyperglycaemia affects anorectal motor and sensory function in normal subjects

Gut ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 494-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Russo ◽  
W M Sun ◽  
Y Sattawatthamrong ◽  
R Fraser ◽  
M Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Rectal Distension ◽  
Sphincter Function ◽  
Anal Sphincter Function ◽  
Initial Perception ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Background—The pathogenesis of anorectal dysfunction, which occurs frequently in patients with diabetes mellitus, is poorly defined. Recent studies indicate that changes in the blood glucose concentration have a major reversible effect on gastrointestinal motor function.Aims—To determine the effects of physiological changes in blood glucose and hyperglycaemia on anorectal motor and sensory function in normal subjects.Subjects—In eight normal subjects measurements of anorectal motility and sensation were performed on separate days while blood glucose concentrations were stabilised at 4, 8, and 12 mmol/l.Methods—Anorectal motor and sensory function was measured using a sleeve/sidehole catheter incorporating a balloon, and electromyography.Results—The number of spontaneous anal relaxations was greater at 12 mmol/l than at 8 and 4 mmol/l glucose (p<0.05 for both). Anal squeeze pressures were less at a blood glucose of 12 mmol/l when compared with 8 and 4 mmol/l (p<0.05 for both). During rectal distension, residual anal pressures were not significantly different between the three blood glucose concentrations. Rectal compliance was greater (p<0.05) at a blood glucose of 12 mmol/l when compared with 4 mmol/l. The threshold volume for initial perception of rectal distension was less at 12 mmol/l when compared with 4 mmol/l (40 (20–100) ml versus 10 (10–150) ml, p<0.05).Conclusions—An acute elevation of blood glucose to 12 mmol/l inhibits internal and external anal sphincter function and increases rectal sensitivity in normal subjects. In contrast, physiological changes in blood glucose do not have a significant effect on anorectal motor and sensory function.

EARLY VARIATIONS OF PLASMA CORTISOL AFTER PULSE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF DIBUTYRYL CYCLIC ADENOSINE 3′,5′-MONOPHOSPHATE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Angeli ◽  
Giuseppe Boccuzzi ◽  
Roberto Frajria ◽  
Daniela Bisbocci ◽  
Franco Ceresa
Keyword(s):  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Adrenal Steroidogenesis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Zero Time

ABSTRACT 10 mg/kg of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (Db-cAMP) was iv pulse injected into twelve healthy adult women. The plasma cortisol levels were determined as 11-OHCS at zero time and then at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30, 60 and 180 min after the injection. The data were compared with those obtained at the corresponding times in two groups of eleven and seventeen healthy women after the injection of 250 ng and 250 μg of synthetic β-1-24 corticotrophin performed in the same manner as the injection of the nucleotide. The mean increments in plasma cortisol were significantly lower after Db-cAMP than after ACTH. Differences were noted by analyzing the time course of the responses. In the case of stimulation with Db-cAMP the 11-OHCS levels rose progressively to a maximum at 15–30 min. By contrast, a peak of plasma cortisol was evident in most cases within a few min after the injection of ACTH; after a fall, a later rise was then observed starting from 15 min. The differences in the plasma 11-OHCS responses after the two stimuli may also be of interest clinically for the investigation of some aspects of adrenal steroidogenesis.

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