Geological correlations between Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland, northern Appalachian orogen

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 1252-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
S M Barr ◽  
R P Raeside ◽  
C E White

Geological correlations between Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland are apparent both in surface geology and at deeper crustal levels, based on similarities in Sm-Nd isotopic signatures. The Mira terrane of southeastern Cape Breton Island is part of the Avalon terrane sensu stricto and is composed of Neoproterozoic volcanic-sedimentary-plutonic belts and overlying Cambrian rocks directly comparable to those in the western part of the Newfoundland Avalon terrane. The Bras d'Or terrane is also mainly of Neoproterozoic age, but shows lithological and isotopic contrasts with the Mira terrane. Small areas of similar Neoproterozoic rocks occur in southern Newfoundland and to the north as inliers in the Exploits terrane. The Bras d'Or terrane and similar rocks in Newfoundland are interpreted to represent a peri-Gondwanan terrane where rocks of the Gander terrane were later formed. Hence this area is part of the Central Mobile Belt and distinct from Avalon terrane sensu stricto. The Aspy terrane is a complex area that may include fragments of Bras d'Or crust and components of the Gander, Exploits, and possibly Notre Dame terranes of Newfoundland. It formed by subduction and back-arc basin opening and closure during the Silurian to Early Devonian. The Blair River Inlier is a fragment of Grenvillian rocks, similar to those in the Grenvillian inliers in the Humber zone of western Newfoundland in terms of age, rock types, and isotopic composition. Silurian and Devonian promontory-promontory collision resulted in juxtaposition and stacking of these elements in Cape Breton Island, as in the Hermitage Flexure - Port aux Basques area of Newfoundland. Because the lower crust under Bras d'Or - Gander - Aspy terranes seems distinct from that under Avalon terrane sensu stricto, it is preferable to use the term peri-Gondwanan rather than Avalonian to refer to these areas.

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1686-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra M. Barr ◽  
Alan S. Macdonald ◽  
John Blenkinsop

The Cheticamp pluton consists of biotite granodiorite (locally megacrystic) in the north and museovite–biotite granodiorite in the south, in probable faulted contact. These two rock types, especially the biotite granodiorite, show a broad range in modal and chemical compositions. They are interpreted to be cogenetic, with the museovite–biotite grandiorite derived from the biotite granodiorite by crystal fractionation involving mafic minerals, plagioclase, and sphene. The overall peraluminous composition of the suite resulted from the fractionation process, probably enhanced by alteration, rather than from derivation from peraluminous source rocks.A seven-point, whole-rock, Rb–Sr isochron indicates an age of 525 ± 40 Ma. The pluton intruded dioritic rocks and quartzo-feldspathic gneisses, thus indicating Precambrian ages for these units. It probably also postdates the Western Highlands volcanic–sedimentary complex, a major undated stratigraphic unit in the Cape Breton Highlands. Although the age overlaps the range of Rb–Sr ages from plutons of the Avalon Terrane of the Appalachian orogen, the geological setting of the Cheticamp pluton differs from that of true Avalonian plutons, such as those in southeastern Cape Breton Island.


1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. BRENDAN MURPHY ◽  
J. DUNCAN KEPPIE ◽  
DON DAVIS ◽  
TOM E. KROGH

Gondwanan Neoproterozoic tectonothermal events (Pan-African and Brasiliano) are represented in northern mainland of Nova Scotia by volcanic and sedimentary rocks assigned to the Jeffers and Georgeville groups and by gabbroic to granitoid plutons. These rocks comprise part of Avalonia, an exotic terrane in the Appalachian orogen that was deposited in an arc-related environment along the periphery of Gondwana prior to accretion to Laurentia. Lavas sampled in the basal units of the Jeffers and Georgeville groups yielded slightly discordant U–Pb zircon and monazite data that fall on chords with upper intercept ages of 628 Ma and 617.7±1.6 Ma, respectively. Syntectonic to late syntectonic plutons intruded into these groups yielded U–Pb zircon ages of 606.6±1.6 Ma and 603+9−5 Ma. The former intrusion also yielded a concordant titanite age of 607±3 Ma. When combined with previously published ages, these data indicate that the back-arc deposition recorded in these groups lasted 10–15 million years (628–613 Ma) and was closely followed by c. 613–595 Ma metamorphism, intrusion and heterogeneous strike-slip related deformation. Assuming no significant shuffling of fault blocks, the relative locations of the Cobequid–Antigonish back-arc basin and the southern Cape Breton Island volcanic arc are consistent with their genesis above a north-west-dipping subduction zone. The age range of arc-related magmatism in Nova Scotia is similar to that of Avalonian rocks in southeastern Newfoundland and Britain, lending support to hypotheses of Neoproterozoic linkages.


2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Hibbard ◽  
Paul Karabinos

Modern understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Appalachian orogen allows for recognition of most of the first-order lithotectonic elements and events of the mountain belt. Comparison of these features and events along the length of the orogen indicates that the northern and southern segments display distinct first-order differences.  Contrasts between these segments existed from the onset of the Appalachian cycle. It has been recognized that Mesoproterozoic basement rock types south of approximately Pennsylvania are different from those to the north and more recently it has been shown that basement rocks in each area display distinct Nd and Pb isotopic signatures. Also, an early, ca. 770–680 Ma, Cryogenian stage of rifting is recorded in the southern Appalachians, but is not documented in the northern part of the orogen. During the Paleozoic Appalachian cycle, the accretion of peri-Gondwanan terranes was partitioned; Carolinia and Suwannee are confined to the southern Appalachians, and Ganderia, Avalonia, and Meguma to the northern Appalachians. Consequential to this partitioning, associated magmatism and some of the attendant tectonism is asymmetrically distributed between the two segments of the orogen. The terminal Appalachian collisional event, the Carboniferous Alleghanian orogeny, is distinctly different in the two segments of the orogen. The volumes of Alleghanian magmatic rocks in the northern and southern Appalachians are distributed asymmetrically and Carboniferous tectonic styles contrast sharply between the two regions. In addition, there is a modern first-order topographic change in the foreland of the orogeny. The southern foreland is characterized by a continuous, elevated plateau, whereas north of the New York promontory, foreland topography is more varied.    Throughout the Appalachian cycle, all of these varied first-order changes occur in the vicinity of the New York promontory, suggesting that the promontory represents an enduring, fundamental boundary in the orogen. The nature and duration of differences between the northern and southern segments of the orogen indicate that this boundary was not an extrinsic ephemeral feature, such as a plate triple junction or hot spot. Rather, we suggest that an intrinsic difference in the Laurentian crustal/lithospheric(?) substrate present from the outset of the Appalachian cycle, as reflected by contrasts in the Mesoproterozoic basement in each segment, could be the root cause of these significant contrasts.SOMMAIREL’état actuel des connaissances sur l’évolution tectonique de l’orogène appalachien nous permet de reconnaître la plupart des éléments et des événements lithotectoniques de premier niveau de la chaîne de montagnes.  La comparaison de ces caractéristiques et événements tout au long de l'orogène permet de distinguer des différences  de premier ordre entre les segments nord et sud.  Des contrastes entre ces segments ont existé depuis le début des Appalaches.  Il a été reconnu que les roches de type socle du Mésoprotérozoïque à partir du sud de la Pennsylvanie environ, diffèrent de celles au nord, et plus récemment, il a été démontré que les roches de socle  dans chacun de ces segments ont des signatures isotopiques Nd et Pb distinctes.  En outre, un début de phase de distension au Cryogénien (770-680 Ma env.) est présent dans le segment sud des Appalaches, mais n'est pas documenté dans le segment nord de l'orogène.  Durant le cycle paléozoïque des Appalaches, l'accrétion des terranes péri-Gondwana a été partagé; les terranes de Carolinia et de Suwannee sont confinés au segment sud des Appalaches, alors que ceux de Ganderia, d’Avalonie, et de Meguma sont confinés au segment nord des Appalaches.  Conséquence de cette répartition, le magmatisme associé ainsi qu’une partie du diastrophisme relié sont répartis de manière asymétrique entre les deux segments de l'orogène.  La phase terminale de collision des  Appalaches, l'orogenèse Carbonifère alléghanienne, est nettement différente dans les deux segments de l'orogène.  Les volumes des roches magmatiques alléghaniennes dans les Appalaches septentrionales et méridionales sont répartis de manière asymétrique et les styles tectoniques carbonifères contrastent fortement entre ces deux régions.  En outre, on observe une différence topographique de premier ordre dans l’état actuel de l'avant-pays de l'orogenèse.  Le segment sud de l'avant-pays est caractérisé par un plateau élevé continu, alors qu’au nord du promontoire de New York, la topographie d'avant-pays est plus diversifiée.    Tout du long du cycle des Appalaches, tous ces changements variés de premier ordre existent au pourtour du promontoire de New York, ce qui permet de penser que le promontoire représente une frontière déterminante durable dans l'orogène.  La nature et la persistance de ces différences entre les segments nord et sud de l'orogène indiquent que cette limite n'était pas une caractéristique éphémère extrinsèque, comme une jonction triple de plaque ou un point chaud.  Nous suggérons plutôt qu'une différence intrinsèque dans la croûte/substrat lithosphérique(?) laurentien existait dès le début du cycle des Appalaches, comme en témoignent les contrastes dans le socle mésoprotérozoïque dans chaque segment, et pourrait être la cause de ces contrastes significatifs.


2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris E. White ◽  
Sandra M. Barr ◽  
Donald W. Davis ◽  
David S. Swanton ◽  
John W.F. Ketchum ◽  
...  

 The Creignish Hills and North Mountain areas of southwestern Cape Breton Island consist mostly of Neoproterozoic rocks typical of the Ganderian Bras d’Or terrane. U-Pb ages presented here for detrital zircon in the Blues Brook Formation of the Creignish Hills confirm a depositional age no greater than about 600 Ma. Although it is possible that some components of the formation are much older, similarities in rock types and field relations suggest that this is not the case. It is likely that the equivalent Malagawatch Formation of the North Mountain area, as well as high-grade metasedimentary rocks of the Melford Formation and Chuggin Road complex in the Creignish Hills and Lime Hill gneiss complex in the North Mountain area, represent the same or stratigraphically equivalent units as the Blues Brook Formation. The minimum ages of all of these units are constrained by cross-cutting syn- and post-tectonic plutons with ages mostly between 565 and 550 Ma, indicating that sediments were deposited, regionally metamorphosed, deformed, and intruded by plutons in less than 40–50 million years. The assemblage of pelitic, psammitic, and carbonate rocks indicates that a passive margin in a tropical climate was quickly changed to an active Andean-type continental margin in which voluminous calcalkaline dioritic to granitic plutons were emplaced. This sedimentary and tectonic history is characteristic of the Bras d’Or terrane and is shared by its likely correlative, the Brookville terrane in southern New Brunswick. 


2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1551-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori A Cook ◽  
Sonya A Dehler ◽  
Sandra M Barr

A prominent positive magnetic anomaly spans the 100 km distance between Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton Island in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. The anomaly occurs in an area of complex structure where Appalachian terrane boundaries are poorly resolved because of thick late Paleozoic sedimentary cover. Analysis of the magnetic anomaly led to the interpretation that it is produced by four separate, approximately circular, source bodies aligned along the northwesterly trend of the anomaly. Seismic data, physical property measurements, and magnetic and gravity anomalies were used to further investigate the anomaly sources through forward modeling techniques. The four source bodies have densities and magnetic susceptibilities compatible with dioritic to granitic compositions. Modeling also suggests that basement to the north of the plutons has higher density and susceptibility than basement to the south, and hence the source bodies are interpreted as plutons emplaced along the boundary between Ganderian composite terranes to the north and the Ganderian Brookville – Bras d’Or terrane to the south. This interpretation suggests that the Ganderia–Avalonia boundary is located farther south, and shows the need for re-evaluation of the location and role of the Canso fault in offsetting terranes between Cape Breton Island and southern New Brunswick.


1998 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. KEPPIE ◽  
J. DOSTAL

Central Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada, is host to ∼700–630 Ma felsic and associated mafic volcanic rocks that are relatively rare in other parts of the Avalon Composite Terrane, occurring elsewhere only in the Stirling Block of southern Cape Breton Island and in parts of eastern Newfoundland. The mafic rocks of central Cape Breton Island are typically intraplate tholeiitic basalts generated by melting of a garnet-bearing mantle source. They lack a continental trace element and εNd imprint although they were emplaced on continental crust; they resemble oceanic island basalts. Contemporaneous volcanism in the Stirling Block is calc-alkaline and formed in a volcanic arc setting. In the absence of evidence for an intervening trench complex or suture, it may be inferred that the central Cape Breton tholeiites formed in a back-arc setting relative to the Stirling Block. This rifting may represent the initial stages of separation of an Avalonian arc from western Gondwana. The arc rifted further between ∼630–610 Ma when the younger Antigonish-Cobequid back-arc basin formed. Subsequently, the extensional arc became convergent, telescoping the back-arc basin. Northwestward migration of calc-alkaline arc magmatism may be related to shallowing of the associated Benioff zone through time.


Author(s):  
R. J. Muir ◽  
W. R. Fitches ◽  
A. J. Maltman

ABSTRACTThe Precambrian basement on the islands of Islay, Colonsay and Inishtrahull comprises a deformed igneous association of mainly syenite and gabbro, with minor mafic and felsic intrusions. This association is collectively referred to as the Rhinns Complex. Isotopic data indicate that the complex represents new addition of material to the crust at c. 1·8 Ga. The igneous protolith was juvenile mantle-derived material, not reworked Archaean crust. Overall, the complex has an alkalic composition, with major and trace element patterns similar to igneous rocks generated in a subduction-related setting: high LILE/HFSE and LREE/HREE ratios, together with negative Nb, P and Ti anomalies.The formation of the Rhinns Complex was contemporaneous with the Laxfordian tectonothermal cycle in the Lewisian Complex. These Proterozoic events are most likely associated with an extensive 1·9–1·7 Ga mobile belt around the southern margin of Laurentia-Baltica. As part of this belt, the Rhinns Complex forms a link between the Ketilidian province of South Greenland and the Svecofennian of Scandinavia.Inherited isotopic signatures in the Caledonian granites on the north side of the Highland Boundary Fault may reflect the presence of a large area of Proterozoic basement (?Rhinns Complex) beneath Scotland and NW Ireland. Alternatively, the Proterozoic signature could be derived from the incorporation of Moine or Dalradian sediment into the granitic magmas.


1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1891-1901 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Jamieson ◽  
O. van Breemen ◽  
R. W. Sullivan ◽  
K. L. Currie

Plutonic rocks of four different ages have been recognized in the Cape Breton Highlands on the basis of U–Pb dating of zircons. Two plutons, the North Branch Baddeck River leucotonalite [Formula: see text] and the Chéticamp pluton (550 ± 8 Ma), give dates that fall within the range of Late Proterozoic to Cambrian ages considered characteristic of the Avalon tectonostratigraphic zone of the eastern Appalachians. Late Ordovician to Silurian tonalite (Belle Côte Road orthogneiss, 433 ± 20 Ma) was metamorphosed, deformed, and incorporated into the central Highlands gneiss complex by approximately 370–395 Ma. High-level subvolcanic plutons (Salmon Pool pluton, [Formula: see text]) postdate all metamorphic rocks in the area. The presence of the older plutons is consistent with interpretation that the Cape Breton Highlands form part of the Avalon zone, but the presence of Ordovician–Silurian plutonic rocks and Devonian amphibolite-facies metamorphism is anomalous in comparison with the Avalon zone of Newfoundland and southeastern Cape Breton Island. Terranes with similar Late Proterozoic to mid-Paleozoic plutonic and metamorphic histories form a discontinuous belt along the northwest side of the Avalon zone southwest of Cape Breton Island. These rocks probably reflect events during and after the accretion of the Avalon zone to North America.


2011 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
ED Landing ◽  
Richard A. Fortey

The Chesley Drive Group, an Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician mudstone-dominated unit, is part of the Ediacaran–Ordovician cover sequence on the North American part of the Avalon microcontinent. The upper Chesley Drive Group on McLeod Brook, Cape Breton Island (previously “McLeod Brook Formation”), has two lithofacies-specific Tremadocian biotas. An older low-diversity benthic assemblage (shallow burrowers, Bathysiphon, phosphatic brachiopods, asaphid trilobites) is in lower upper Tremadocian green-gray mudstone. This wave-influenced, slightly dysoxic facies has Bathysiphon–brachiopod shell lags in ripple troughs. The upper fauna (ca. 483 +/- 1 Ma) is in dysoxic-anoxic (d-a), unburrowed, dark gray-black, upper upper (but not uppermost) Tremadocian mudstone with a “mass kill” of the olenid Peltocare rotundifrons (Matthew)—a provincial trilobite in Avalonian North America that likely tolerated low oxygen bottom waters. Scandodus avalonensis Landing n. sp. and Lagenochitina aff. conifundus (Poumot), probable nektic elements and the first upper Tremadocian conodont and chitinozoan reported from Avalon, occur in diagenetic calcareous nodules in the dark gray-black mudstone. An upper Tremadocian transition from lower greenish to upper black mudstone is not exposed on McLeod Brook, but is comparable to a coeval green-black mudstone transition in Avalonian England. The successions suggest that late late Tremadocian (probable Baltic Hunnebergian Age) sea level was higher in Avalon than is suggested from successions on other paleocontinents. The Tremadocian sea-level history of Avalon was a shoaling-deepening-shoaling sequence from d-a black mudstone (lower Tremadocian), to dysoxic green mudstone (lower upper Tremadocian), and back to black mudstone (upper upper Tremadocian).Scandodus Lindström is emended, with the early species S. avalonensis Landing n. sp. assigned to the emended Family Protopanderodontidae. Triangulodus Van Wamel is considered a junior synonym of Scandodus. Peltocare rotundifrons is emended on the basis of complete specimens.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Piette-Lauzière ◽  
R Graziani ◽  
K P Larson ◽  
D A Kellett

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