The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

Genetic Variation in Chamaecyparis nootkatensis from Coastal British Columbia1

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Cherry ◽  
D. T. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Port Orford Cedar

Abstract Genetic variation in several traits of Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) was measured in progeny from seven coastal B.C. provenances, each represented by three open-pollinated families. The common-garden nursery trial also included one provenance of Port-Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). Growth traits and frost hardiness were measured at the end of the first growing season, and morphological traits after the second year. Provenances varied in percentage germination, shoot dry weight, shoot to root dry weight ratio, number of lateral branches per stem, and cold injury to a minimum temperature of -20°C in December. Families differed in height, root collar diameter, and in the number of nodes of primary foliage. Port-Orford cedar exhibited much greater height, stem caliper, and dry weight than any Alaska-cedar provenance, but was more susceptible to frost damage. West. J. Appl. For. 7(1):25-29.

The effect of wrenching on morphology and field performance of Douglas fir and loblolly pine seedlings

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuomi Tanaka ◽  
J. D. Walstad ◽  
J. E. Borrecco
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Second Year

Second-year Douglas fir and 1st-year loblolly pine nursery stock were undercut and wrenched while actively growing in nursery beds. Their morphology and field performance were compared with Douglas fir seedlings that had been undercut only and with loblolly pine seedlings that had been left intact.The treatment produced shorter, thinner-stemmed loblolly pine seedlings with reduced shoot dry weight. Height, diameter, and shoot dry weight of Douglas fir seedlings were virtually unaffected, but root dry weight was increased substantially. Development of fibrous lateral roots was stimulated in both species. As a consequence, shoot–root ratios were considerably improved, and the seedlings were better conditioned to withstand outplanting. On droughty sites, field survival of Douglas fir was increased by 20 percentage points and loblolly pine by 30 percentage points. Wrenching also extended by several weeks the fall and spring planting periods for loblolly pine and the fall planting period for Douglas fir.

Monoterpenes in Scots Pine and Norway Spruce and their Emission during Kiln Drying

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Englund ◽  
Ralph M. Nussbaum
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Fugitive Emissions ◽  
Kiln Drying ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exhaust Fumes ◽  
High Temperature Drying

Summary Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) were dried in a laboratory kiln, using conventional schedules with temperatures up to 60°C as well as schedules reaching 110°C. The losses of terpenes, which completely dominate the fugitive emissions from kiln drying of softwoods, were estimated by extraction of pooled subsamples from each batch, before and after drying. The original contents of terpenes were found to be in the ranges of 0.4–0.5% in pine sapwood, 0.8–1.1% in pine heartwood, and 0.02–0.08% in spruce, all calculated relative to the dry weight of the wood. The emissions from pine corresponded to 25–50% of the original content and those from spruce to 10–50%. High temperature drying in the laboratory was accompanied by larger losses, but this tendency was not found in the full-scale drying of spruce. No consistent difference was found between timber from the north of Sweden and from the south. Sampling of the vent exhaust fumes did not give results of sufficient reliability to confirm the extraction analyses.

Development of freezing tolerance in roots and shoots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aija Ryyppö ◽  
Tapani Repo ◽  
Elina Vapaavuori
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Extracellular Resistance

The hardening of hydroponically cultured Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and their recovery after freezing was studied at the end of the second growing season (LD), after 3 weeks of short day treatment (SD), after a gradual decrease in temperature to 5°C over 4 weeks (H1), and after 4 weeks at 5°C (H2). Frost hardiness was determined by several methods and the recovery as survival of the seedlings. The highest frost hardiness was achieved in the distal parts of needles (-21 to -27°C) and in the proximal parts of needles (-18 to -25°C), followed by woody roots (-7 to -9°C), the 1-year-old and current stem (-8°C), and the fine roots (-5°C), all at the end of H2. Hardening of needles was induced by SD, but the stem and woody roots started to harden later, as a response to low temperature. As a result of frost treatment during LD and SD, potential plasma membrane roman H+-ATPase activity of roots decreased as electrolyte leakage increased and extracellular resistance decreased, but this relationship was lost during H1 and H2. The present study demonstrates the lack of hardening capacity in the fine roots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures and the increased mortality of the young seedlings having frost damage on roots.

scholarly journals A descriptive model o Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) L. seedling's growth during the first growing season

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1–2) ◽  
pp. 143-158
Author(s):  
Teresa Gowin ◽  
Leokadiusz Ubysz
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Descriptive Model ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Net Assimilation

Scots pine seedlings were grown in pots from seed under outside conditions. Plant material was harvested ten times in fortnight periods, throughout the growing season. At each harvest, each plant was divided into particular organs and their dimensions as well as fresh and dry weight were determined. Seasonal course of growth of particular organs as well as changes in specific leaf area and distribution of dry matter between shoot and root were investigated. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were calculated from the fitted logistic growth curves.

scholarly journals Seedling Growth of Atlantic White-Cedar as Influenced by Photoperiod and Day/Night Temperature

1999 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Laura G. Jull ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
White Cedar ◽  
Chamaecyparis Thyoides ◽  
Atlantic White Cedar ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio ◽  
Total Plant

Abstract Seedlings of Atlantic white-cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.] were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 12 weeks under short-or long-day conditions with 9-hr days at 18, 22, 26 or 30C (64, 72, 79 or 86F) in factorial combination with 15-hr nights at 14, 18, 22 or 26C (57, 64, 72 or 79F). Dry matter production was influenced by photoperiod and day/night temperature. For all day temperature × photoperiod interactions, except root:shoot ratio, growth was highest under long days. Day × night temperature interactions occurred for all growth measurements except root dry weight. Root dry weight was highest at 30/22C (86/72F); top (shoot) dry weight at 26/22C (79/72F). Nights of 14C (57F) resulted in the lowest top dry weight. Total plant dry weight was highest at nights of 22C (72F) for all day temperatures. At days of 30C (86F), total plant dry weight was highest with nights ≤ 22C (72F); however, data for 30/22C (86/72F) and 26/22C (79/72F) were similar. The highest root: shoot ratio occurred at nights of 14C (57F) with days ≤ 26C (79F). Mean relative growth rate was highest at nights of 22C (72F) with days of 26C (79F) or 30C (86F). Maximum stem caliper occurred at days of 22C (72F) with nights ≥ 18C (64F). Height and crown width were highest at 26/22C (79/72F). A day/night cycle of 30/22C (86/72F) with long days was optimal for seedling growth.

Effects of temperature and salinity on the germination of Puccinellia ciliata (Bor) cv. Menemen

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 561 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Myers ◽  
DI Couper
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Osmotic Effect ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Early Seedling Growth ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

Puccinecia ciliata is a salt-tolerant, winter-growing grass. The responses of germination of P. ciliata to salinity and temperature were investigated. With a day/night temperature regime of 25/15�C, the final germination percentage of P. ciliata in distilled water was 54%, and was not significantly affected by salinities up to 87 mol m NaCl (osmotic potential, =, -0.4 MPa), but decreased to 5.2% in 260 mol m-3 NaCl (=, -1.2 MPa). The n at which the final germination percentage was reduced by 5O0/n of that in distilled water was about -0.5 MPa, which was similar to that of Lolium perenne. However, for L. perenne, the final germination percentage decreased more rapidly with increasing salinity and from a higher value in distilled water (97%) compared with P. ciliata. Germination of P. ciliata was completely inhibited at constant 33�C and was low (<20%) where day temperature was 30�C and night temperature was greater than or equal to 17�C. Maximum germination was observed where day and night temperatures were between 17 and 24�C, but were not equal. The rate of germination decreased with increasing salinity and was maximal at temperatures between 17�C and 24�C. The reduction in the final germination percentage in NaCl solution was apparently an osmotic effect since the final germination percentage in iso-osmotic solutions of mannitol, polyethylene glycol, NaCl, KC1 and KNO3 were similar. P. ciliala and L. perenne were more salt sensitive during germination than during early seedling growth; for 35-day-old seedlings, shoot dry weight was reduced by 50% of that of the nonsaline treatment when irrigated with solution with = of -0.75 MPa for L. perenne and - 1.25 MPa for P. ciliala.

scholarly journals Tolerance of Southern Pine Seedlings to Clopyralid

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Seedling Morphology ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Pine Species

Abstract Tolerance of three pine species to postemergence applications of clopyralid was examined at ten southern nurseries over a 2 yr period. The herbicide was applied at various times during May, June, and July. At time of lifting, seedling morphology was evaluated (root-collar diameter, shoot height, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustdds Mill.) were tolerant to 210 to 840 g acid equivalent (ae)/ha. However, epinasty was occasionally observed on both loblolly pine and slash pine. The injury symptoms were ephemeral and seedlings appeared normal 3 months after treatment. Results from these tests suggest some pine species are tolerant to this herbicide at the seedling stage. As a result of this research, this herbicide can be legally used in many southern pine nurseries to control troublesome weeds such as sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.), Florida beggerweed (Desmodium tortuosum [Sw.] DC.), horseweed (Erigeron canadensis L.) and other annual broadleaf weeds. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):51-56.

scholarly journals Growth of Scots Pine and Silver Birch Seedlings on Different Nursery Container Media

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-572
Author(s):  
Fahrettin TILKI ◽  
Tekin MEMISOGLU
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Morphological Parameters ◽  
Morphological Attributes ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Medium Components ◽  
Growing Medium ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Peat has been the most common growing medium in tree nurseries, either alone or as a component of growing media mixes. However, as a result of increasing costs and decreasing amount of peat, seedling-growers are seeking more local growing medium components. In this study, container seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) were grown in pure peat and peat mixtures containing perlite and zeolite.  Physical parameters (height, shoot diameter, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, total dry weight) were measured along with several morphological parameters (sturdiness quotient, height/diameter, shoot/root ratio). The zeolite additive in peat changed some media properties, and significant relation was established between some morphological attributes of seedlings and some medium properties in both species. On average, the seedlings grew best in pure peat, but zeolite additions to peat did not affect some morphological parameters negatively. The results suggest that zeolite has potential to be used as a component of peat based growing medium mixtures, and addition of zeolite to peat container medium in proportions of 10% by volume in Scots pine and up to 20% in silver birch was shown to be a feasible material for growing Scots pine and silver birch seedlings.

scholarly journals Production Method Affects Growth and Post-transplant Establishment of `East Palatka' Holly

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Carbon Assimilation Rate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Production Period

Growth and physiological responses before and after transplanting to a simulated landscape were studied for `East Palatka' holly (Ilex ×attenuata Ashe `East Palatka') grown in plastic containers (PC), in the ground in fabric containers (FC), or in the ground conventionally. At the end of a 15-month production period, trees grown in PC had more shoot dry weight and leaf area than trees grown in FC, and they had thinner trunks than field-grown trees. Root balls on harvested field-grown trees contained 55% and those grown in FC 65% of total-tree root surface area. Trees transplanted from FC had the lowest predawn leaf xylem potential and required more frequent post-transplant irrigation than trees grown in PC or in the ground. Carbon assimilation rate and stomata1 conductance in the first week after transplanting were highest for trees planted from PC. Dry weight of regenerated roots was similar for all production methods 4 months after transplanting from the nursery, but trees grown in PC had SO% more regenerated root length, and the roots extended further into the back-fill soil.

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