EjRAV1/2 Delay Flowering Through Transcriptional Repression of EjFTs and EjSOC1s in Loquat

Most species in Rosaceae usually need to undergo several years of juvenile phase before the initiation of flowering. After 4–6 years’ juvenile phase, cultivated loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), a species in Rosaceae, enters the reproductive phase, blooms in the autumn and sets fruits during the winter. However, the mechanisms of the transition from a seedling to an adult tree remain obscure in loquat. The regulation networks controlling seasonal flowering are also largely unknown. Here, we report two RELATED TO ABI3 AND VP1 (RAV) homologs controlling juvenility and seasonal flowering in loquat. The expressions of EjRAV1/2 were relatively high during the juvenile or vegetative phase and low at the adult or reproductive phase. Overexpression of the two EjRAVs in Arabidopsis prolonged (about threefold) the juvenile period by repressing the expressions of flowering activator genes. Additionally, the transformed plants produced more lateral branches than the wild type plants. Molecular assays revealed that the nucleus localized EjRAVs could bind to the CAACA motif of the promoters of flower signal integrators, EjFT1/2, to repress their expression levels. These findings suggest that EjRAVs play critical roles in maintaining juvenility and repressing flower initiation in the early life cycle of loquat as well as in regulating seasonal flowering. Results from this study not only shed light on the control and maintenance of the juvenile phase, but also provided potential targets for manipulation of flowering time and accelerated breeding in loquat.

Regeneration of Dead Bougainvillea Tree with Organic Manure

Bougainvillea is hard, woody climber tree, grow in high salt tolerant soil. The present study was carried out in regenerating Bougainvillea plant with organic manure. The research work was conducted at kitchen garden campus in January 2020. The collected soil samples of five trees species namely Pimple, Neem, Khejari and Rohira are mixed with 10kg fresh cow dung, 5kg cow urine, 2kg molasses & 2kg flour Kitchen wastes 10kg, Charcoal 10kg, Molasses 2kg, Rice 1kg, Humus 10kg, Wheat 10kg, Crashed sugar cane 10kg, Chicken manures 2kg, Wooden saw dust, Wooden chips & Rice lusts and mixed with water for preparing organic product. The organic product keeps for 3 days in open conditions. The prepared organic product was poured into the shoot and root. Later, the regrowth of the shoot and the root were reported in 4-5 months. The organic product enhanced the metabolism for regenerating permanent tissue and Meristematic tissue of Shoot horizon and root horizon. Later, The lateral branches and flower were emerged from the dead plant. The formulated organic product is competent to regrow dead plant. Keywords: Bougainvillea, Dead plant, organic manure, regeneration, soil, climate

Buckwheat Yield Traits Response as Influenced by Row Spacing, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Management

Buckwheat is an economically important gluten free cereal, and it is a good source of protein, fiber, and energy. The field experiments with buckwheat variety “Novosadska” were set in two experimental years in Pancevo, Serbia. The aim of this study was to determine the most optimal technology for buckwheat production. The study aims were to investigate the effects of (1) row spacing: RS1-25 cm and RS2-50 cm; (2) nutrition variants: (N1) 0 kg ha−1 NPK; (N2) NPK 30 kg ha−1; (N3) NPK 60 kg ha−1; and (N4) NPK 90 kg ha−1; (3) environment: Y1-2018 and Y2-2019; and their interactions on the plant height (PH), number of lateral branches (NoLB), mass of seeds per plant (MSP), number of seeds per plant (NoSP), buckwheat grain yield (GY); and (4) the correlations among these traits. All tested parameters of buckwheat significantly varied across row spacing, environment, and nutrition. The average grain yield in the row spacing, RD1-25 cm, was significantly higher than in the wider spacing, RD2-50 cm, and in 2018 than 2019 as well as with the nutrition NPK applied in the amount of 90 kg ha−1 in relation with all the other nutrition variants. All the studied agronomic traits were positively and strongly correlated with GY.

Overexpression of The AtWUSCHEL Gene Promotes Somatic Embryogenesis And Lateral Branch Formation In Birch (Betula Platyphylla Suk.)

Birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) is a deciduous tree with the value of medicinal and ornamental greening. Plant somatic embryogenesis is a limiting step in birch genetic breeding. As a transcription factor, the Arabidopsis thaliana WUSCHEL (AtWUS) gene plays an important role in maintaining and regulating stem cell characteristics. It determines whether the stem cell population is differentiated. To explore the method of inducing somatic embryogenesis in birch. We overexpressed the AtWUS gene and transferred it into birch. The expression of AtWUS increased the somatic embryogenesis rate from 101.4% to 717.1%. The expression of the AtWUS gene in calli and globular embryos led to the downregulation of the BpWUS gene. The BpLEC1, BpLEC2, BpFUS3 and BpABI3 genes were upregulated. In addition, overexpression of AtWUS increased the number of lateral branches and bud meristem in birch. Similarly, the BpWUS gene was downregulated in the bud meristem. The BpLEC1, BpLEC2, BpFUS3, BpSTM and BpCUC2 genes were upregulated. This result indicated that overexpression of the AtWUS gene promoted somatic embryogenesis (SE) by increasing the expression of SE-related genes. In conclusion, this study focused on the role of the AtWUS gene in birch SE and the molecular mechanism of promoting SE.

Seasonal and Simultaneous Cleistogamy in Rostrate Violets (Viola, subsect. Rostratae, Violaceae)

The special mixed reproductive system, i.e., the ability of an individual plant to develop both open, chasmogamous (CH) flowers adapted to cross-pollination and closed, cleistogamous (CL) flowers with obligate self-pollinating, is a common phenomenon in Viola L. In most sections of Northern Hemisphere violets, cleistogamy is seasonal, and CH and CL flowers develop sequentially in the season. Non-seasonal cleistogamy (simultaneous) is a rare phenomenon in rostrate violets. In the current study, we focused on modification of the CH/CL mating system in V. caspia by environmental conditions, resulting in a gradual switch from temporal cleistogamy, occurring in nature, to simultaneous cleistogamy under greenhouse conditions. V. reichenbachiana with seasonal cleistogamy was the control for V. caspia with the labile seasonal/simultaneous cleistogamy system. In simultaneous cleistogamy, the CH and CL flowers, fruits and seeds developed on an individual plant at the same time on the same branch. The typical difference between CH and CL flowers’ pistils is a straight style ending with a head-like stigma in CH and a curved style in CL adapted to self-pollination. This trait persists in the fruit and seed stages, allowing for easy recognition of fruit of CL and CH flowers in simultaneous cleistogamy. Floral meristems of CH flowers of V. reichenbachiana developed on the rhizome at the end of the growing season under short-day conditions and remained dormant until the following season. The CL floral meristems formed under long-day conditions on elongating lateral branches in the upper leaf axils. The daily temperature influenced the variable CH/CL ratio of V. caspia in nature and greenhouse conditions. Regulation of the CL/CH flower ratio by modifying environmental factors is important for basic research on genetic/epigenetic regulation of cleistogamy and for practical use to produce genetically stable lines of economically important species via CL seeds.

Impact of Three Different Light Spectra on the Yield, Morphology and Growth Trajectory of Three Different Cannabis sativa L. Strains

Cannabis is one of the oldest cultivated plants, but plant breeding and cultivation are restricted by country specific regulations. Plant growth, morphology and metabolism can be manipulated by changing light quality and intensity. Three morphologically different strains were grown under three different light spectra with three real light repetitions. Light dispersion was included into the statistical evaluation. The light spectra considered had an influence on the morphology of the plant, especially the height. Here, the shade avoidance induced by the lower R:FR ratio under the ceramic metal halide lamp (CHD) was of particular interest. The sugar leaves seemed to be of elementary importance in the last growth phase for yield composition. Furthermore, the last four weeks of flowering were crucial to influence the yield composition of Cannabis sativa L. through light spectra. The dry flower yield was significantly higher under both LED treatments compared to the conventional CHD light source. Our results indicate that the plant morphology can be artificially manipulated by the choice of light treatment to create shorter plants with more lateral branches which seem to be beneficial for yield development. Furthermore, the choice of cultivar has to be taken into account when interpreting results of light studies, as Cannabis sativa L. subspecies and thus bred strains highly differ in their phenotypic characteristics.

Lateral branch blocks

The posterior sacral network is a complex meshwork of lateral branches of the dorsal sacral rami that innervate the posterior aspect of the sacroiliac joint. Pain arising from this joint can be diagnostically targeted using either a fluoroscopic or ultrasound technique to determine if the patient would benefit from radiofrequency ablation of the lateral branches. Injecting local anesthetic near the dorsal foramina using these techniques will temporarily block the transmission of pain by the lateral branches from the sacroiliac joint. This chapter covers the anatomy of the posterior sacral network, discusses the details of the two techniques for lateral branch blocks and evidence for their utility, provides information about the risks and contraindications associated with the techniques, and concludes by discussing the implications of the procedure.

Numerical Investigation on Gas Production Performance in Methane Hydrate of Multilateral Well under Depressurization in Krishna-Godavari Basin

Nature gas hydrate is a new kind of clean and potential resources. Depressurization is regarded as the most effective and promising hydrate production technology. One of the key points in improving the gas production effectiveness of depressurization is whether pressure gradient could transmit in strata effectively. Single well method is widely used in hydrate exploit which is circumscribed in expanding the range of hydrate decomposition. Consequently, the well structure and production strategy needs to be optimized for improving the gas recovery efficiency. The multilateral well technology is proposed for increasing the gas productivity of the reservoir greatly by increasing the multilateral branches. In this paper, we established a numerical simulation model based on the geological data NGHP-02-16 site in the KG basin to evaluate the gas production performance of the reservoir by depressurization. It mainly focuses on investigating the gas production performance of multilateral wells with different combinations of geometric parameters of multilateral branches, such as different dip angle, numbers, and spacing of lateral branches. The result shows that the multilateral well method can effectively increase the gas production rate with the water production rate increase slightly. The cumulative gas production volume of a single vertical well is about 2.85 × 10 6 m 3 , while it is of the multilateral well can reach 4.18 × 10 6 m 3 during a one-year production. The well interference, the effective influence radius of each multilateral branch, and the vertical depth of the lateral branch are the main factors which affect the gas production efficiency of the multilateral well. The optimization of the geometric parameters of lateral should consider not only the gas production efficiency but also the well interference between the lateral branches.

Growth of Scots pine plus trees clones, selected by resin productivity in Nizhny Novgorod region

The taxational indicators of clones of plus trees of Scots pine, selected by resin productivity, were studied in comparison with similar characteristics of plants, selected by linear parameters of the trunk. They are represented They are presented in the assortment of the forest seed plantation No. 10 in the Semenovsky forestry of the Nizhny Novgorod region, created in 1984 on a plot with the type of forest growing conditions — B2, and the type of forest — maynikovo-lingonberry pine. In the organization of the work, the principle of the only logical difference was observed, as well as the requirements for the typicality, suitability and expediency of the experience. As a test marker for checking the purity of the clonal composition of the plantation, the value of the angle of attachment of the first-order lateral branches to the trunk was used. The height and diameter of the trunk are taken into account in 571 trees with a continuous list. The distribution of the average values of the analyzed indicators in the vegetative offspring of plus trees compared with each other is not uniform. The highest height (16,70 ± 0,43 m) observed in clones of the K-011 plus tree selected by resin productivity is 2,65 m or 1,19 times higher than the lowest value (14,05 ± 0,44 m) inherent in clones of the K-113 plus tree selected by the same criteria, and 2,02 m or 1,14 times higher than the lowest value (14,23 ± 0,31 m) inherent in clones of the K-171 plus tree selected by the same criteria taxational indicators of the trunk. Differences in the taxational indicators of clones in the group of plus trees distinguished by resin productivity, as well as in the group of trunks distinguished by characteristics, correspond to the level of significant ones, which indicates the specificity of their genotypes. The degree of similarity of the plus trees in terms of trunk parameters is not the same, which indicates a different level of individual non-identity of each of the plus trees in relation to the others in their considered population.