Current Status of and Perspectives on the Application of Marmosets in Neurobiology

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyuki Okano
Keyword(s):  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
The Common

The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate, is receiving substantial attention in the neuroscience and biomedical science fields because its anatomical features, functional and behavioral characteristics, and reproductive features and its amenability to available genetic modification technologies make it an attractive experimental subject. In this review, I outline the progress of marmoset neuroscience research and summarize both the current status (opportunities and limitations) of and the future perspectives on the application of marmosets in neuroscience and disease modeling. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 8, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Clinical Neuroscience of Addiction: What Clinical Psychologists Need to Know and Why

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara A. Ray ◽  
Erica N. Grodin
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Research ◽  
Clinical Science ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Clinical Psychologists ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Scientific Mission ◽  
The Common ◽  
Improving Health Care

The last three decades in psychological research have been marked by interdisciplinary science. Addiction represents a prime example of a disorder marked by a complex interaction among psychosocial and biological factors. This review highlights critical findings in the basic neuroscience of addiction and translates them into clinical language that can inform clinical psychologists in their research, teaching, and practice. From mechanisms of reward processing, learning and memory, allostasis, incentive-sensitization, withdrawal, tolerance, goal-directed decision making, habit learning, genetics, inflammation, and the microbiome, the common theme of this review is to illustrate the clinical utility of basic neuroscience research and to identify opportunities for clinical science. The thoughtful integration of basic and clinical science provides a powerful tool to fulfill the scientific mission of improving health care. Clinical psychologists have a crucial role to play in the translational science of addiction. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Brain-Protective Mechanisms of Transcription Factor NRF2: Toward a Common Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Cuadrado
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Cell ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Functions ◽  
Pass Through

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the loss of homeostatic functions that control redox and energy metabolism, neuroinflammation, and proteostasis. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) is a master controller of these functions, and its overall activity is compromised during aging and in these diseases. However, NRF2 can be activated pharmacologically and is now being considered a common therapeutic target. Many gaps still exist in our knowledge of the specific role that NRF2 plays in specialized brain cell functions or how these cells respond to the hallmarks of these diseases. This review discusses the relevance of NRF2 to several hallmark features of neurodegenerative diseases and the current status of pharmacological activators that might pass through the blood-brain barrier and provide a disease-modifying effect. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Smartphones and the Neuroscience of Mental Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. Gillan ◽  
Robb B. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Passive Data ◽  
Smartphone Sensors ◽  
Rich Data

Improvements in understanding the neurobiological basis of mental illness have unfortunately not translated into major advances in treatment. At this point, it is clear that psychiatric disorders are exceedingly complex and that, in order to account for and leverage this complexity, we need to collect longitudinal datasets from much larger and more diverse samples than is practical using traditional methods. We discuss how smartphone-based research methods have the potential to dramatically advance our understanding of the neuroscience of mental health. This, we expect, will take the form of complementing lab-based hard neuroscience research with dense sampling of cognitive tests, clinical questionnaires, passive data from smartphone sensors, and experience-sampling data as people go about their daily lives. Theory- and data-driven approaches can help make sense of these rich data sets, and the combination of computational tools and the big data that smartphones make possible has great potential value for researchers wishing to understand how aspects of brain function give rise to, or emerge from, states of mental health and illness. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Small RNAs in Plant Immunity and Virulence of Filamentous Pathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongli Qiao ◽  
Rui Xia ◽  
Jixian Zhai ◽  
Yingnan Hou ◽  
Li Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Small Rna ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Small Interfering Rnas ◽  
Host Pathogen

Gene silencing guided by small RNAs governs a broad range of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Small RNAs are important components of plant immunity because they contribute to pathogen-triggered transcription reprogramming and directly target pathogen RNAs. Recent research suggests that silencing of pathogen genes by plant small RNAs occurs not only during viral infection but also in nonviral pathogens through a process termed host-induced gene silencing, which involves trans-species small RNA trafficking. Similarly, small RNAs are also produced by eukaryotic pathogens and regulate virulence. This review summarizes the small RNA pathways in both plants and filamentous pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, and discusses their role in host–pathogen interactions. We highlight secondary small interfering RNAs of plants as regulators of immune receptor gene expression and executors of host-induced gene silencing in invading pathogens. The current status and prospects of small RNAs trafficking at the host–pathogen interface are discussed. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Phytopathology, Volume 59 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Next-Generation Genetic and Fermentation Technologies for Safe and Sustainable Production of Food Ingredients: Colors and Flavorings

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Oh Seo ◽  
Yong-Su Jin
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Strain Engineering ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Sustainable Operations ◽  
Food Ingredients

A growing human population is a significant issue in food security owing to the limited land and resources available for agricultural food production. To solve these problems, sustainable food manufacturing processes and the development of alternative foods and ingredients are needed. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology can help solve the food security issue and satisfy the demand for alternative food production. Bioproduction of food ingredients by microbial fermentation is a promising method to replace current manufacturing processes, such as extraction from natural materials and chemical synthesis, with more ecofriendly and sustainable operations. This review highlights successful examples of bioproduction for food additives by engineered microorganisms, with an emphasis on colorants and flavors that are extensively used in the food industry. Recent strain engineering developments and fermentation strategies for producing selected food colorants and flavors are introduced with discussions on the current status and future perspectives. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Food Science and Technology, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Reproducible Research: A Retrospective

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Peng ◽  
Stephanie C. Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Reproducible Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date

Advances in computing technology have spurred two extraordinary phenomena in science: large-scale and high-throughput data collection coupled with the creation and implementation of complex statistical algorithms for data analysis. These two phenomena have brought about tremendous advances in scientific discovery but have raised two serious concerns. The complexity of modern data analyses raises questions about the reproducibility of the analyses, meaning the ability of independent analysts to recreate the results claimed by the original authors using the original data and analysis techniques. Reproducibility is typically thwarted by a lack of availability of the original data and computer code. A more general concern is the replicability of scientific findings, which concerns the frequency with which scientific claims are confirmed by completely independent investigations. Although reproducibility and replicability are related, they focus on different aspects of scientific progress. In this review, we discuss the origins of reproducible research, characterize the current status of reproducibility in public health research, and connect reproducibility to current concerns about replicability of scientific findings. Finally, we describe a path forward for improving both the reproducibility and replicability of public health research in the future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 42 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Moisture in Textiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Duprat
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Transport ◽  
Soft Matter ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Transport Dynamics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fibrous Assemblies

The interactions of textiles with moisture have been thoroughly studied in textile research, while fluid mechanists and soft matter physicists have partially investigated the underlying physics phenomena. A description of liquid morphologies in fibrous assemblies allows one to characterize the associated capillary forces and their impact on textiles, and to organize their complex moisture transport dynamics. This review gathers some of the common features and fundamental mechanisms at play in textile–liquid interactions, with selected examples ranging from knitted fabrics to nonwoven paper sheets, associated with experiments on model systems. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Real-Time Infectious Disease Modeling to Inform Emergency Public Health Decision Making

2022 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Bershteyn ◽  
Hae-Young Kim ◽  
R. Scott Braithwaite
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Infectious Disease Modeling

Infectious disease transmission is a nonlinear process with complex, sometimes unintuitive dynamics. Modeling can transform information about a disease process and its parameters into quantitative projections that help decision makers compare public health response options. However, modelers face methodologic challenges, data challenges, and communication challenges, which are exacerbated under the time constraints of a public health emergency. We review methods, applications, challenges and opportunities for real-time infectious disease modeling during public health emergencies, with examples drawn from the two deadliest pandemics in recent history: HIV/AIDS and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 43 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Mixing and CP Violation in the Charm System

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lenz ◽  
Guy Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cp Violation ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Charm Physics ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
The Standard Model ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

In recent years charm physics has undergone a renaissance, which has been catalyzed by an unexpected and impressive set of experimental results from the B factories, the Tevatron, and LHCb. The existence of [Formula: see text] oscillations is now well established, and the recent discovery of CP violation in D0 decays has further renewed interest in the charm sector. In this article, we review the current status of charm-mixing and CP-violation measurements and assess their agreement with theoretical predictions within the Standard Model and beyond. We look forward to the great improvements in experimental precision that can be expected over the coming two decades and to the prospects for corresponding advances in theoretical understanding. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Service Expansion in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yabin Dong ◽  
Marney Coleman ◽  
Shelie A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Alternative Refrigerants ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Lower Carbon

Air conditioning and refrigeration services are increasing rapidly in developing countries due to improved living standards. The cooling services industry is currently responsible for nearly 15% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so it is critical to investigate how the expansion of cooling services will impact future GHG emissions. In this article, we first examine the current status and expected expansion of cooling services worldwide and the associated GHG emissions. Then, we review potential improvements and innovations that could reduce future GHG emissions. Three approaches to reduce GHG emissions within the cooling sector include converting to alternative refrigerants, improving energy efficiency, and moving toward a lower-carbon electricity grid. In addition, we identify eight interventions that apply to the built environment or the food supply chain that would lead to additional GHG reductions in the cooling sector. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Volume 46 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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