Free amino acid and amine concentrations in liver: effects of hydrocortisone and fasting

1962 ◽  
Vol 202 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Kaplan ◽  
C. S. Nagareda Shimizu

Concentrations of the following Ninhydrin-reacting substances (NRS) were determined in the unhydrolyzed protein-free fraction of mouse liver by column chromatography: phosphoethanolamine, taurine, urea, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamine, proline, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, ß-alanine, ß-aminoisobutyric acid, α-aminobutyric acid, ornithine, ethanolamine, lysine, histidine, and arginine. The NRS present in highest concentration was taurine. Adrenalectomy, fasting for 24 hr, and cortisol administration had little effect on the sum of NRS or individual amino acids. Administration of cortisol did, however, decrease the concentration of amino acids in fasted adrenalectomized animals but increased their concentration in nonfasted adrenalectomized animals. Since the concentration of amino acids was lowered or raised under circumstances known to increase protein synthesis, it is concluded that increased protein synthesis promoted by cortisol is independent of the total pool of amino acids in liver.

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Arme ◽  
A. Whyte

The level of free amino acids in Diclidophora merlangi is high, comprising over 500 μmoles/g ethanol extracted dry weight. A single amino acid, proline, constitutes some 70% of the total pool. Analysis of parasite protein and host blood and mucus revealed low proline levels, suggesting that the high free pool content was not related to a requirement for protein synthesis or to its abundance in the diet of the worm. Experiments revealed that proline was not involved specifically in osmoregulation, and the reasons for the large amounts present in Diclidophora remain unknown.


1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 1132-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Britt Edfast ◽  
Torgny Näsholm ◽  
Anders Ericsson

The effects of nitrogen deposition and site quality on amino acid concentrations in needles of Piceaabies (L.) Karst. and Pinussylvestris L. trees were studied in two areas that represent different levels of nitrogen deposition: one area in southern Sweden and one area in northern Sweden receive, respectively, approximately 20–30 and 3 kg•ha−1•year−1 of nitrogen. On each area three site quality classes were chosen for each tree species. The site classes were chosen to represent poor, medium, and good sites typical for each area. Free amino acids in the needles were analyzed as 9-fluorenylmethyl formate derivatives by high-performance liquid chromatography. The total nitrogen was determined with a CHN elemental analyzer, and other mineral nutrients were determined with an inductively coupled plasma analyzer. Arginine, glutamic acid, glutamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, and aspartic acid were the quantitatively dominating amino acids in the needles of both species from all sites in both northern and southern Sweden. These amino acids represented 50–80% of the total concentration of free amino acids in the needles. The concentration of arginine in the needles of both spruce and pine increased with decreasing site index and showed high variations between individual trees. For both species, the highest concentrations of arginine were found in the southern area, which had the highest deposition of nitrogen. Concentrations of glutamic acid, glutamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid in the needles of both species showed significant differences between some of the sites on both areas, but these differences showed no general pattern that correlated with the site indexes. In relation to nitrogen, low concentrations of phosphorus and potassium were found in needles from the poorest spruce sites in both areas compared with corresponding values for the good spruce sites. The results are discussed in relation to nitrogen deposition and mineral nutrient imbalance.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Quintino Reis de Araujo ◽  
Guilherme Amorim Homem de Abreu Loureiro ◽  
Cid Edson Mendonça Póvoas ◽  
Douglas Steinmacher ◽  
Stephane Sacramento de Almeida ◽  
...  

Free amino acids in cacao beans are important precursors to the aroma and flavor of chocolate. In this research, we used inferential and explanatory statistical techniques to verify the effect of different edaphic crop conditions on the free amino acid profile of PH-16 dry cacao beans. The decreasing order of free amino acids in PH-16 dry cacao beans is leucine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid, alanine, asparagine, tyrosine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, valine, isoleucine, glutamine, lysine, aspartic acid, serine, tryptophan, threonine, glycine. With the exception of lysine, no other free amino acid showed a significant difference between means of different edaphic conditions under the ANOVA F-test. The hydrophobic free amino acids provided the largest contribution to the explained variance with 58.01% of the first dimension of the principal component analysis. Glutamic acid stands out in the second dimension with 13.09%. Due to the stability of the biochemical profile of free amino acids in this clonal variety, it is recommended that cacao producers consider the genotype as the primary source of variation in the quality of cacao beans and ultimately the chocolate to be produced.


1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Doi ◽  
Akikatsu Kataura

Abstract Free amino acids in the tonsils of 20 individuals were measured column chromatographically. Those always found in readily detectable amounts included O-phosphoserine, taurine, O-phosphoethanolamine, aspartic acid, hydroxyproline, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, α-amino-n-butyric acid, valine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, ornithine, γ-amino-butyric acid, lysine, histidine, and arginine. Results were compared for three clinical pathological groups and for four age groups. Some abnormal values may result from the pathological conditions.


1972 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Verbeke ◽  
E. Roets ◽  
G. Peeters

SummaryThe plasma levels of individual amino acids were studied in 6 dairy cows from 4 days before to 3 days after calving. During this sampling period, the concentrations of 13 amino acids showed significant changes. The levels of several amino acids were depressed markedly in the sample collected immediately before calving. Following parturition, the concentration of most amino acids gradually returned to values obtained 3 days before calving. The glutamine and alanine contents of the plasma rose to a peak value 1 day after calving and subsequently decreased. The mean concentrations of glycine and α-aminobutyric acid did not change before parturition but rose significantly thereafter. These observations are discussed in terms of amino-acid utilization for milk protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis at the onset of lactation. The changes in plasma amino acid levels appear to be synchronized with those reported for prolactin and progesterone in the 24 h before parturition. This may indicate an important influence of both hormones on the lactogenic process in the cow. The highly significant correlations obtained between the concentrations of 14 individual amino acids are discussed.


1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kasting ◽  
A. J. McGinnis

AbstractGlucose-U-C14 was incorporated into immature larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., by vacuum-infiltration. These insects were too small to be conveniently injected and could not be easily fed on artificial diets. About half of them survived the infiltration treatment. C14O2 was produced by the organism showing that the radioactive substrate was metabolized. Of the amino acids isolated from the larvae, proline, alanine, glutamic acid, serine, aspartic acid, and glycine contained relatively large quantities of carbon-14 indicating biosynthesis, and are classed as nutritionally non-essential. In contrast, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine contained little, if any, radioactivity and are classed as nutritionally essential. The concentrations of some of the amino acids in the larval tissues are also presented.


1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1479-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh K. Upadhyaya ◽  
David W. Konesky

The Nelson–Somogyi assay has been widely used to measure reducing sugars in plant research. We found that the L-amino acids cysteine, cystine, serine, tryptophan, and tyrosine (at 0.1 to 1 mM) react in the Nelson–Somogyi glucose assay, yielding high absorbance values. Alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, hydoxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, threonine, and valine showed little or no effect on color development. Manganese ions strongly inhibited color development in the presence of glucose, serine, cystine, and tryptophan. Investigators measuring glucose in biological materials using this assay must consider the activity of amino acids and (or) the effect of manganese ions in the reaction mixture when interpreting their results. Key words: Nelson–Somogyi assay, sugar analysis, glucose assay, reducing sugar assay.


1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. J. Habowsky ◽  
R. W. Shuel

The protein constituents of the larval diets of queen and worker honeybees were separated by continuous paper electrophoresis. The electrophoretic patterns of royal jelly of any age and the early worker diet were similar and comprised five ninhydrin-reactive bands or fractions. Fraction 1 (nearest the cathode) contained lysine as a free amino acid. Fractions 3 and 4 appeared to be complex polypeptides. Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine and/or leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and an unidentified substance were found in chromatograms of the acid hydrolyzate of fraction 3; the hydrolyzate of fraction 4 contained the same amino acids except for threonine. Fractions 2 and 5 were not characterized. Electrophoresis of the diet of worker larvae older than 3 days showed a pronounced fading of all bands, attributable to the dilution of the solids by the addition of honey which occurs at this time. There appeared to be no qualitative differences between the protein fractions of royal jelly and worker diet which would account for the differentiation of female honeybees into queens and workers. The decrease with age in the percentage of protein in the worker diet may be significant.


1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (8) ◽  
pp. 724-728
Author(s):  
James E. Thomas ◽  
Christine A. Goertzen ◽  
Kazuo Nakamura

Free amino acid pools were examined for cultures of vegetative cells, gametes, and mature zygotes of the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Dangeard). The total pool of amino acids found in premature gametes of strains 137c+ (10.0 pmol∙μg protein−1) and 137c− (10.8 pmol∙μg protein−1) decreased to levels about half that seen in vegetative 137c− cells (19.8 pmol∙μg protein−1). Following light activation, amino acid pools in these gametes increased to 18.7 pmol∙μg protein−1 in 137c+ cells and 20.0 pmol∙μg protein−1 in 137c− cells. With the exception of cystine, individual amino acid pools in these cells had increased once more to levels similar to those seen in vegetative cells grown in liquid medium. Levels of cystine remained one to two orders of magnitude lower than that seen in vegetative cells. Mature 137c + and 137c− gametes mixed in solutions of either 2 mM cystine or 2 mM cysteine (half-cystine) suffered a 52–64% reduction, respectively, in the number of vis-à-vis conjugative pairs formed. This suggests that pools of endogenous cystine may play a role in the onset of mating. In zygotes levels of all amino acid pools, except histidine, were depressed; levels of cystine, valine, and phenylalanine were nondetectable in these cells.Key words: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, amino acid pools, gametes, zygotes, cystine.


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