Running-induced muscle injury and myocellular enzyme release in rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 2299-2304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Komulainen ◽  
J. Kytola ◽  
V. Vihko
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Enzyme Release ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Downhill Running ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Exercise Induced

The relationships and time course of exercise-induced muscle damage, estimated by beta-glucuronidase activity and microscopy, to muscle swelling, estimated by muscle water content and microscopy, and to the serum activity of creatine kinase (CK) and the concentration of carbonic anhydrase III were studied in rats 2, 12, 48, and 96 h after 90 min of intermittent running uphill (+13.5 degrees) or downhill (-13.5 degrees) at a speed of 17 m/min. The injury was more pronounced in soleus after uphill running and in the red parts of quadriceps femoris and in the white part of vastus lateralis after downhill running, whereas triceps brachii was not damaged. Increase in muscle water content preceded the increase of beta-glucuronidase activity. Both running protocols similarly increased serum CK 2 h postexercise. After downhill running a second peak in serum CK was observed 48 h later. The CK changes were not in concert with the changes in muscle water content or beta-glucuronidase activity, suggesting that these responses may not be mechanistically (or causally) related.

Development of Hypoosmoregulatory Capacity in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) Reared under either Continuous Light or Natural Photoperiod

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne M. Arnesen ◽  
Morten Halvorsen ◽  
Kjell J. Nilssen
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Salvelinus Alpinus ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Arctic Char ◽  
Direct Transfer ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Natural Photoperiod ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water

Two groups of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) were reared in freshwater (5–6 °C) under either continuous light (LDL) from first feeding (March) or LDL until July and then natural photoperiod (NDL, 70°N). Direct transfer to seawater (5.5 °C, 35 ppt) in February resulted in both groups exhibiting increases in blood plasma osmolality, Na+, and Mg2+ concentrations and a significant decrease in muscle water content. When tested in May, an improvement in seawater tolerance was evident in both groups. In June, only the NDL fish showed further improvements in hypoosmoregulatory capacity, since they exhibited only minor fluctuations in plasma constituents and muscle water content following direct transfer to seawater. Increased body size could partially explain the improved seawater tolerance in the experimental groups. Acclimation to brackish water prior to transfer to 35 ppt seawater in June improved seawater tolerance only in fish reared under continuous light. The results indicate that the seasonal increase in photoperiod stimulates the development of hypoosmoregulatory capacity whilst the fish are still resident in freshwater.

Extra- and intracellular water spaces in muscles of man at rest and with dynamic exercise

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (3) ◽  
pp. R271-R280 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sjogaard ◽  
B. Saltin
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Total Water Content ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Bicycle Exercise ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Extracellular Lactate

A method was established to analyze the extracellular water space (H2Oe) in small muscle tissue samples as [3H]inulin distribution space. After initial experiments on rats, the method was applied on 13 men and 6 women. Muscles with different fiber compositions (soleus, S; vastus lateralis, (VL; gastrocnemius, G; triceps brachii, TB) were studied at rest. The total water content was the same for all muscles, 320 (313-330) ml/100 g dry wt. However, differences were demonstrated for H2Oe, with 26-34 ml/100 g dry wt in VL and 38-54 ml/100 g dry wt in S, (P less than 0.05); the values for G and TB were in between those for VL and S. The differences in H2Oe were not related to the fiber composition of the muscles. During 3 x 3 min of intense bicycle exercise demanding about 120% VO2 max (6 men), total water content increased in VL from 313 to 359 ml/100 g dry wt and H2Oe increased from 34 to 60 ml/100 g dry wt (P less than 0.05), In TB, which is relatively inactive during bicycle exercise, no such changes occurred. The calculated intracellular lactate concentration increased in VL from 5.7 to 30.6 mmol/l H2Oi. The extracellular lactate concentration amounted to 13.6 mmol/l H2Oe at the end of exercise. The concentration gradient for lactate of 2 from intra- to extracellular space favored a flux of water to the intracellular space. The relative large increase in H2Oe may then be caused by a hydrostatic rather than an osmotic factor.U

Effect of method of sale and various water regimens at saleyards on the liveweight, carcass traits and muscle properties of cattle

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (122) ◽  
pp. 235 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wythes ◽  
MJ Brown ◽  
WR Shorthose ◽  
MR Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Water Contents

In two experiments, we examined the effects on liveweight, carcass traits and muscle properties of (a) sending cattle to the abattoir either direct from a farm or via a saleyard, and (b) different curfew and sale procedures at a saleyard. During the 12 h curfew and 10 h sale periods, cattle were held with or without water, but always denied feed. In experiment 1, after a journey of 1320 km, 252 bullocks (mean liveweight 558 kg) were subjected to one of seven treatments. The groups transported direct to the abattoir were (1) denied water between arrival and slaughter (26 h), (2) offered water for 26 h, or (3) offered water and feed for 50 h and then water alone for 24 h. Those sent to the saleyard were given access to water (4) at all times, (5) only during the curfew and sale periods, (6) only before the curfew began, or (7) were denied water until after the sale, when all groups were offered water for 36 h until slaughter. Among the bullocks sent direct to the abattoir, the group with water for 26 h until slaughter had heavier (P< 0.0 1 ) carcasses than those denied water (331 kg vs 312 kg) and also a greater (P < 0.0 1) muscle water content, while the carcasses of the group slaughtered 2 d later were intermediate for both. Whether dressing percentages were calculated on liveweights at the start or end of the simulated sale for the four saleyard groups, the differences in mean dressing percentages between groups offered water (0.7 and 0.3 percentage units) were less than the differences between the means of the groups denied water (3.7 and 3.5 units). The increases in dressing percentage during the sale for groups with water (0.7 and 0.3 units) were less than those for the groups denied water (1.5 and 1.7 units). Differences in mean liveweights and mean muscle water contents between groups followed the same trends. Mean carcass weights did not differ significantly between saleyard groups (318-323 kg). In experiment 2, after a journey of 90 km, 152 cows (mean liveweight 323 kg) were subjected to one of four treatments. The group going direct to the abattoir was offered water for 4.5 h, fasted for 16 h and then slaughtered. For the other three groups, the saleyard treatments 4,6, or 7 of experiment 1were imposed, followed by 21 h on water and a 16 h pre-slaughter fast. Trends in dressing percentage and liveweight were similar to those recorded in experiment 1. Mean carcass weight varied (P<0. 05) between groups and tended to increase with muscle water content. Method of sale was important because it affected the time from mustering to slaughter, and thus, carcass weight. At saleyards, the practice of giving cattle continuous access to water reduced significantly the variation in liveweight, dressing percentage and muscle water content between groups with similar initial liveweights. This practice at abattoirs avoided dehydration of carcass tissues at slaughter

scholarly journals Solute and Water Balance in the Muscle Fibres of the East African Fresh-Water Crab, Potamon Niloticus (M. Edw.)

1959 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-156
Author(s):  
J. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
East African ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Normal Composition ◽  
Muscle Water

1. An account is given of the normal composition of the muscle fibres of the fresh-water crab, Potamon niloticus. 2. The effect of various dilutions of sea water is considered in relation to the concentrations of a number of the muscle constituents. 3. The water content of the muscle decreases as the blood concentration is increased, but at the higher concentrations the muscle dehydration is not so extensive as expected. There is evidence of a small addition of osmotically active substances to the muscle. 4. Potassium and muscle phosphate compounds behave passively and their concentrations are determined by the muscle water content. 5. The concentration of free amino acids and related compounds may be increased beyond that due to water loss. The addition of these substances to the muscle is not greater than 50-90 mM./kg. water. 6. Sodium enters the muscle when the blood sodium concentration is increased. At blood concentrations not exceeding 450 mM./l. sodium probably only penetrates into a freely exchanging region of the fibre: at higher concentrations sodium may penetrate into the fibre interior. 7. These results are discussed in relation to the adaptability of the cell to increased blood concentrations.

scholarly journals Metabolic substrates are not mobilized from the osmoregulatory organs (gills and kidney) of the estuarine pufferfishes Sphoeroides greeleyi and S. testudineus upon short-term salinity reduction

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane Prodocimo ◽  
Carine F. Souza ◽  
Cristina Pessini ◽  
Luiz Claudio Fernandes ◽  
Carolina A. Freire
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Metabolic Substrates ◽  
Salinity Reduction ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Cellular Water

The marine-estuarine species of pufferfishes Sphoeroides testudineus and S. greeleyi are very efficient osmoregulators. However, they differ with respect to their tolerance of salinity reduction. During low tide S. testudineus remains in diluted estuarine waters, whereas S. greeleyi returns to seawater (SW). The hypothesis tested here was that the short-term mobilization of metabolic substrates stored in their main osmoregulatory organs would correlate with this differential tolerance. Fishes exposed to 5‰ (for 6 h) were compared to those kept in 35‰. Branchial and renal contents of triglycerides, protein and glycogen were evaluated, and total ATPase activity accounted for the tissues' metabolism. Plasma osmolality, chloride and glucose, hematocrit, and muscle water content were also measured. Total triacylglycerol content was higher in S. greeleyi than in S. testudineus in both salinities and in both organs. Kidney glycogen contents were higher in S. greeleyi than in S. testudineus in 5 and 35‰. Total ATPase activity was reduced in 5‰ when compared to 35‰ in the kidney of S. greeleyi, and was higher in the gills of S. greeleyi than in those of S. testudineus, in both salinities. Upon exposure to dilute SW, both species displayed a similar osmoregulatory pattern: plasma osmolality and chloride were reduced. Again in both species, stability in muscle water content indicated cellular water content control. Although the metabolic substrates stored in the osmoregulatory organs of both species were not mobilized during these short-term sea water dilution events, some differences could be revealed between the two species. S. greeleyi showed more metabolic reserves (essentially triacylglycerols) in these organs, and its gills showed higher total ATPase activity than those S. testudineus.

scholarly journals Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Muscle Water Content in Obese Middle-Age Men

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 822-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO MORA-RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
ALICIA SANCHEZ-RONCERO ◽  
VALENTIN EMILIO FERNÁNDEZ-ELÍAS ◽  
AMELIA GUADALUPE-GRAU ◽  
JUAN FERNANDO ORTEGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water

Effect of extracellular osmolality on metabolism in contracting mammalian skeletal muscle in vitro

2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1055-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi M. Cermak ◽  
Paul J. LeBlanc ◽  
Sandra J. Peters ◽  
Rene Vandenboom ◽  
Brian D. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Organ Bath ◽  
Mammalian Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Future Work

Extensive research has been conducted on hepatocyte metabolism perturbed under the influence of anisosmotic stress. However, much less is known about the behaviour of skeletal muscle metabolism under similar conditions. After establishing a working model to study anisosmotic stress in resting mammalian skeletal muscle, the current study tested the hypothesis that hyperosmotic (HYPER) stress would lead to increased creatine, lactate, and measured enzyme activity, whereas hypo-osmotic (HYPO) stress would lead to decreased metabolites and enzyme activity vs. iso-osmotic (ISO) stress post contraction. Rat soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were isolated and incubated in an organ bath (95% O2, 5% CO2, pH 7.4, 25 °C) altered to targeted osmotic conditions (ISO, 290 osmol·L–1; HYPO, 180 osmol·L–1; HYPER, 400 osmol·L–1). Muscle samples were flash frozen after 10 min of contraction. Post contraction, muscle water content in the SOL HYPO condition was 18% greater than ISO, and HYPER had approximately 14% less water content than ISO (p < 0.05). In the HYPO condition, EDL had 21% greater water content than ISO, and HYPER had 17% less water content than ISO (p < 0.05). SOL HYPO resulted in higher phosphocreatine and lower lactate and creatine vs. HYPER (p < 0.05) but there were no differences in EDL between HYPO and HYPER. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity increased in SOL HYPER vs. HYPO, whereas glycogen phosphorylase a increased in EDL HYPER vs. HYPO. In conclusion, fibre-type-specific responses exist after contraction such that when SOL muscle is perturbed in HYPER, as compared with HYPO, media, metabolic activity increases. Future work should focus on glucose uptake–regulation during anisosmotic conditions.

scholarly journals Myofibrillar ATPase activity in the carp Cyprinus carpio: interactions between starvation and environmental temperature

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 373-382
Author(s):  
S. P. Heap ◽  
P. W. Watt ◽  
G. Goldspink
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Myofibrillar Atpase ◽  
Myofibrillar Atpase Activity ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Muscle Water

The myofibrillar ATPase activity of the epaxial white muscle was measured in carp Cyprinus carpio L. acclimated to 10 degrees C or 28 degrees C. As previously reported, cold acclimation was associated with an increase in the ATPase specific activity and a decrease in the thermostability. The water content of the white muscle was significantly higher in cold-acclimated fish than in warm-acclimated fish (P less than 0.002). Starvation for 10 weeks resulted in a significant increase in the white muscle water content of both warm- and cold-acclimated fish (P less than 0.002). When carp were starved, the ability of the myofibrillar ATPase to show thermal compensation disappeared. Previously acclimated fish, when starved, showed steady alterations of the myofibrillar ATPase activity to a level mid-way between the acclimated extremes. Refeeding resulted in a gradual return to the normal acclimated level.

Effects of various rehydration procedures after a long journey on liveweight, carcasses and muscle properties of cattle

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 849 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Wythes ◽  
WR Shorthose ◽  
PJ Schmidt ◽  
CB Davis
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Muscle Properties ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Muscle Water Content ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
In Transit

After a long journey of 1420 km, bullocks were watered without feed for 0, 3.5, 7, 28 or 32 h or watered with feed for 32 h prior to a 16 h preslaughter fast (no water and feed). The 108 bullocks in the first three treatments (36 per treatment) were slaughtered after resting for 1 day and the remaining 108 after resting for 2 days. Bullocks lost 10.4% of initial liveweight (656 kg) in transit. Mean liveweight of 588 kg on arrival increased when bullocks had access to water, so that after 3.5 h on water the net liveweight loss was reduced (P < 0.05) to 6.0 % of initial liveweight and after longer periods the loss varied from 6.8 to 7.3%. The net loss of the group also offered lucerne hay was 6.7%. More importantly, re-hydration increased (P < 0.01) gross hot carcass weight from 369 kg to 383 kg when bullocks were watered for 3.5 and 7 h, 381 kg after 28 h on water alone and 379 kg after 32 h on water and feed. However, this increment was not maintained, since the carcasses of bullocks on water alone for 32 h averaged 376 kg and were lighter (P < 0.05) than those of other bullocks on water. The water content of fat-free muscle reflected the same pattern as carcass weight (P < 0.01), although muscle water content peaked at 78.16% when bullocks were watered for 28 h compared with 76.01 % for those bullocks not offered water. Resting bullocks for 2 days rather than 1 day reduced (P < 0.01) the pH values of the M. longissimus dorsi 24 h post mortem from 5.64 to 5.57.

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