Ralph Strode's obligationes: The Return of Consistency and the Epistemic Turn

Vivarium ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Dutilh Novaes
Keyword(s):  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Average Reader

AbstractIn what follows, I analyze Ralph Strode's treatise on obligations. I have used a hitherto unpublished edition of the text (based on 14 manuscripts) made by Prof. E.J. Ashworth. I first give a brief description of Strode's text, which is all the more necessary given that it is not available to the average reader; I also offer a reconstruction of the rules proposed by Strode, following the style of reconstruction used in my analysis of Burley's and Swyneshed's rules elsewhere—that is, essentially based on the idea that obligationes can be viewed as logical games. In the second part, I address Strode's explicit arguments contra Swyneshed. In the third part, I discuss Strode's epistemic and pragmatic approach to obligationes.

cognitive-pragmatic account of the English imperative-conditional construction

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-269
Author(s):  
Keding Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pragmatic Enrichment ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
Speaker Intentions ◽  
Interactive Relationship ◽  
Pragmatic Account ◽  
Everyday Communication

The imperative-conditional construction (ICC) in English is a type of construction which consists of an ordinary imperative clause and an ordinary declarative clause connected by the connective and or or. This article deals with the speaker intentions of ICCs and their motivations from a cognitive-pragmatic approach. Based on the concept of construction in cognitive linguistics, an ICC can be called a complex symbolic structure which, though composed of two components, should be regarded as a single pragmatic processing unit. It is demonstrated that, in everyday communication, the ICC can usually convey three kinds of speaker intentions: a prohibitive intention, an inducing/forcing intention, and an advisory intention. The first refers to the intention of the speaker to prohibit the hearer from carrying out the act described by the imperative. The second is the intention of the speaker to induce or force the hearer to bring about the act described by the imperative. The third refers to the intention of the speaker to advise the hearer to carry out the act described by the imperative. These speaker intentions are highly motivated. The motivations include the constructional context, the conditional relation between the imperative and the declarative, the directive force of the imperative, the pragmatic enrichment of the declarative, and the complementary and interactive relationship between the imperative and declarative clauses, among which the constructional context serves as an overall motivation, and the rest may be seen as specific motivations.

scholarly journals The Evantropian Project: Revitalising Critical Approaches to Young Adult Literature

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-193
Author(s):  
Robert Gadowski
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Young Adult Literature ◽  
Critical Power ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
The Third ◽  
Average Reader ◽  
Critical Approaches

Anna Bugajska’s recent book Engineering Youth: The Evantropian Project in Young Adult Dystopias (2019) is an important and thought-provoking inquiry into the field of young adult literary criticism. While for the average reader, young adult narratives may be associated with juvenile tales created with an intent to provide escapist entertainment, a true connoisseur of youth literature is well aware of an immense didactic potential of this genre. Bugajska certainly belongs to the latter category as she diligently engages with young adult dystopias to highlight the immense critical power of these texts. In the following review article, the author of the paper is going to offer a brief commentary on the critical perspective that Bugajska employs to explore the notion of evantropia. The first section of this review discusses Bugajska’s volume as a part of utopian intellectual tradition, the second section postulates that ideas presented in Engineering Youth enrich literary criticism in the field of speculative fiction and children’s and young adult literature, the third section briefly discusses the layout of the volume and the content of each chapter, the fourth section presents an overview of selected core ideas that Bugajska presents in her work and in the last section the author of the paper offers his final thoughts on Engineering Youth.

scholarly journals The Crisis in Educational Research: A Pragmatic Approach

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Badley
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Alternative Model ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Or Methodology ◽  
Dominant Paradigm

This article first identifies and discusses four main causes of the crisis in educational research. These are summarized as false dualism, false primacy, false certainty and false expectations. False dualism is the apartheid that divides positivist and constructivist researchers with positivists believing in an objective reality and constructivists arguing that reality is a social construction. False primacy is the view that the positivist paradigm has come to dominate research to the detriment of more open, pluralistic and critically reflective approaches. False certainty is the argument that in an increasingly complex and uncertain world researchers have retreated to a reactionary position in order to shore up the dominant paradigm. False expectations is the case that governments, especially, are demanding more evidence-based research in order to provide urgent solutions to educational problems. The second part of the article shows how taking a pragmatic approach may help us resolve some of the difficulties identified. For example pragmatists would not privilege any one paradigm or methodology over another but would argue that both science and constructivism offer different sets of tools for investigating different aspects of the world. This also means that pragmatists see inquiry not as discovering what is really out there but as offering more or less useful descriptions to meet our particular needs and purposes. The third part of the article argues that pragmatism is not an alternative model of research but is more a working point of view or a perspective which is admittedly modest and, so pragmatists think, appropriately fuzzy. What a pragmatic approach to research actually leads to, through reflection, is a kind of useful if temporary equilibrium amongst the community of inquirers. Part of this approach is the rejection of the idea that scientific research can be used with certainty to specify educational practice. All it can provide is possible lines of action.

scholarly journals DEIKSIS PERSONA DALAM BAHASA MUNA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Bella Fatahu Rahmah ◽  
Zalili Sailan ◽  
Erny Harijaty
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The Third ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Proper Interpretation

Abstract : The purpose of this study is to describe the form and meaning of the word deiksis persona in the Muna language. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive. Qualitative research is always descriptive, means the data analyzed and the analysis result is a descriptive phenomenon. The research uses a field method that presents data and phenomena based on empirical data that is being found by researchers. The data sources in this study are spoken language data in the form of speech in various Muna language events sourced from native speakers of the Muna language. The techniques used to gather data in this research are the recording techniques and note taking techniques. Data analysis techniques use a pragmatic approach.  A pragmatic approach is used as an attempt to interpret meaning with proper interpretation based on the context present in the deiksis of the persona in the Muna region language. Based on the discussion of the research, can be stored in accordance with Persona Hailee then the deiksis persona in Muna language consists of three forms that the first persona divided into two is the first single persona consisting of free morpheme  and morpheme bound and the first plural persona consisting of free morpheme as well as morpheme bound. The second Persona deiksis consists of a single second persona that is divided into two, a single persona consisting of free morpheme and bonded morpheme and both plural persona consisting of free morpheme as well as morpheme bound by the third persona. Divided into two is a single third persona, consisting of a morpheme free morpheme and a plural third persona consisting of free morpheme as well as bounded morpheme  deiksis Muna language persona in certain situations can be replaced by the Deiksis place .Keywords: deiksis; form; meaning

scholarly journals Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Tuturan Film My Stupid Boss 1

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Inayah Wulansafitri ◽  
Ahmad Syaifudin
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Third ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach

Language politeness is needed to maintain social relations in society. Media is needed to guide the public so they can be polite, one of them is with film. Besides functioning as a movie, it can also be a guide. My Stupid Boss 1 is the third best-selling film in Indonesia with 3 million viewers in 2016. As a film that is still often played on television screens, there may be violations in the film's speech. This study aims to explain the form of obedience and violation of politeness, as well as the implications arising from politeness violations in the movie My Stupid Boss 1. This research approach is a pragmatic approach and a qualitative descriptive approach. The data of this research are in the form of speech fragments which are suspected to have a violation and politeness violation. The source of data in this study is the whole utterance in the film. Data collection techniques using the technique of free and involved in proficiency and note taking techniques. The data analysis method is in the form of a matching method, while the method of presenting the results of data analysis uses the informal method. From 57 data, there are 19 data that obey the politeness principle, 38 data violate politeness principle, and 15 implicatures that appear. From this research it is expected to find meaning in a film that will be useful with references in life.

scholarly journals Discriminatory Conscientious Objections in Healthcare: A Response to Ancell and Sinnott-Armstrong

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 316-326
Author(s):  
KATRIEN DEVOLDER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Patient Rights ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Private Healthcare ◽  
Financial Costs ◽  
Primary Focus

Abstract:Aaron Ancell and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong (A&SA) propose a pragmatic approach to problems arising from conscientious objections in healthcare. Their primary focus is on private healthcare systems like that in the United States. A&SA defend three claims: (i) many conscientious objections in healthcare are morally permissible and should be lawful, (ii) conscientious objections that involve invidious discrimination are morally impermissible, but (iii) even invidiously-discriminatory conscientious objections should not always be unlawful, as there is a better way to protect patient rights. Pursuant to (iii), A&SA propose a framework that legally allows discriminatory conscientious objections, but that shifts the financial costs associated with such objections from patients to the clinics that employ doctors who discriminate against patients. Though their proposal is controversial, it has attractive features, and merits further discussion. In this paper, I remain neutral on the third claim A&SA advance in support of their proposal, but point out a problem with the two first claims. In the light of my criticisms, I propose to modify their proposal so that costs are shifted to clinics in a broader range of cases.

Redundant approaches to redundancy

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Atomic Energy ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Atomic Energy Authority ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Employment Rights

THE apparently straightforward definition of redundancy contained in section 139 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 has generated a disproportionate and confused body of case law. In essence, redundancy pay is payable in three situations: the business disappears (s. 139(1)(a)(i)); the workplace disappears (s. 139(1)(a)(ii)); the job disappears (s. 139(1)(b)). As far as the disappearing workplace is concerned, recent cases have shown the courts taking a more pragmatic approach. The old contractual test laid down in UK Atomic Energy Authority v. Claydon [1974] I.C.R. 128 (where, by my contract, can I be required to work?) has been replaced by the geographic approach (where, in practice, do I work?): Bass Leisure Ltd v. Thomas [1994] I.R.L.R. 104 (E.A.T.) and High Table v. Horst [1997] I.R.L.R. 513 (C.A.). A similar pragmatism can be detected in the House of Lords' ruling in Murray v. Foyle Meats Ltd. [1999] I.R.L.R. 562 concerning the third aspect of the definition of redundancy, the disappearing job (s. 139(1)(b)).

Progress report on 21-cm observations at low latitude between longitudes (l 11) 0° and 66°

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
W. W. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
The Third ◽  
Introductory Lecture ◽  
Centre Region

In the course of several 21-cm observing programmes being carried out by the Leiden Observatory with the 25-meter telescope at Dwingeloo, a fairly complete, though inhomogeneous, survey of the regionl11= 0° to 66° at low galactic latitudes is becoming available. The essential data on this survey are presented in Table 1. Oort (1967) has given a preliminary report on the first and third investigations. The third is discussed briefly by Kerr in his introductory lecture on the galactic centre region (Paper 42). Burton (1966) has published provisional results of the fifth investigation, and I have discussed the sixth in Paper 19. All of the observations listed in the table have been completed, but we plan to extend investigation 3 to a much finer grid of positions.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Monte Carlo Algorithms for Moments of Transition Arrays

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Author(s):  
A. Goldberg ◽  
S.D. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Basis Vector ◽  
Collective State ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Dipole Strength ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
Third Moment ◽  
Very High

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV> for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV>. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.

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