cognitive-pragmatic account of the English imperative-conditional construction

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-269
Author(s):  
Keding Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pragmatic Enrichment ◽  
Symbolic Structure ◽  
Speaker Intentions ◽  
Interactive Relationship ◽  
Pragmatic Account ◽  
Everyday Communication

The imperative-conditional construction (ICC) in English is a type of construction which consists of an ordinary imperative clause and an ordinary declarative clause connected by the connective and or or. This article deals with the speaker intentions of ICCs and their motivations from a cognitive-pragmatic approach. Based on the concept of construction in cognitive linguistics, an ICC can be called a complex symbolic structure which, though composed of two components, should be regarded as a single pragmatic processing unit. It is demonstrated that, in everyday communication, the ICC can usually convey three kinds of speaker intentions: a prohibitive intention, an inducing/forcing intention, and an advisory intention. The first refers to the intention of the speaker to prohibit the hearer from carrying out the act described by the imperative. The second is the intention of the speaker to induce or force the hearer to bring about the act described by the imperative. The third refers to the intention of the speaker to advise the hearer to carry out the act described by the imperative. These speaker intentions are highly motivated. The motivations include the constructional context, the conditional relation between the imperative and the declarative, the directive force of the imperative, the pragmatic enrichment of the declarative, and the complementary and interactive relationship between the imperative and declarative clauses, among which the constructional context serves as an overall motivation, and the rest may be seen as specific motivations.

من الاشتراك الدلالي إلى تغير المعنى

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
saber lahbacha
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Meaning Change ◽  
Language And Literature ◽  
Lexical Concepts

From polysemy to meaning change: lexical cognitive perspectivesSaber Lahbacha By:PhD. Arabic language and Literature, University of Manouba, Member of association of Arabic lexicology in TunisAbstract:Many essays to find a model to study polysemy in most words emerged in several semantic, lexical, cognitive and pragmatic perspectives. Diverse dimensions of this phenomenon are activated according to the requirements of each discipline. If the lexical treatment gives priority to distinguish between polysemy (one entry) and homonymy (many entries), the pragmatic approach includes the contextual non-linguistic operators in building polysemy. The cognitive approach considers that lexical concepts are sets of semantic complicated nuances built on polysemy. This cognitive approach considers that there is no way to distinguish between meanings and the boundaries between them are ambiguous.Key words: Semantics – Polysemy – cognitive linguistics – lexicology – homonymy. ملخصلم تنقطع محاولات إيجاد منوال لمقاربة الاشتراك الدلالي (تعدّد المعاني) في معظم الكلمات عن البروز ضمن منظورات دلالية ومعجمية وعرفانية وتداولية متعددة. وبحسب مقتضيات كلّ فرع لساني، يجري تنشيط الأبعاد المختلفة للظاهرة ويتم التركيز على مناحٍ دون أخرى. فإذا كانت المعالجة المعجمية تضع أولوية اهتمامها في توضيح التمييز بين الاشتراك الدلالي (مدخل واحد) والاشتراك اللفظي (مداخل متعددة)، فإن المقاربة التداولية تؤصل مشاركة العوامل السياقية غير اللغوية في تأسيس الاشتراك الدلالي. أما المقاربة العرفانية فترى أن المفاهيم المعجمية هي مجموعات من الفروق الدلالية المتراكبة التي تقوم على الاشتراك الدلالي ولا ترى أن التمييز بين المعاني ممكن بل إن الحدود بين المفاهيم المعجمية ضبابية.الكلمات المفاتيح: علم الدلالة - الاشتراك الدلالي – اللسانيات العرفانية – المعجمية - الاشتراك اللفظي.

The concept «reality» in John Berger’s essay about Vincent Van Gogh as an instrument of fine artworks interpretation

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Tetyana Lunyova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Vincent Van Gogh ◽  
The Third ◽  
Artistic Representation ◽  
The World ◽  
Art For Art's Sake ◽  
World Image

The article investigates the interpretative function of the concept REALITY in John Berger’s essay about Vincent van Gogh’s art by applying the methodology of cognitive linguistics. Following Nikolay N. Boldyrev, the interpretative function of the language is considered in the article as the third main linguistic function. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the study are further developed with the idea, which is expressed by several researchers (V. V. Feshchenko, Ye. A. Yelina, U. A. Zharkova), that discourse about art performs an interpretative role. The aim of the study is to reveal the linguo-cognitive mechanisms that enable the concept REALITY to operate as a means of interpretation of van Gogh’s art in Berger’s essay. The research has demonstrated that before the concept REALITY is applied to the analysis of van Gogh’s paintings and drawings, this concept is explicitly interpreted in the essay. The following linguo-cognitive mechanisms are employed to make the content of the concept REALITY clear to the reader: actualization of the commonly known sense «reality is opposed to imagination», critical discussion of this sense, introduction of the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS THE OBJECT THAT SHOULD BE SALVAGED, and actualization of the selected fragments of the philosophical world image as well as scholarly world image, especially the conception of art for art’s sake and the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS SOMETHING THAT LIES BEHIND THE SCREEN CREATED BY THE CULTURE. Thus, having been thoroughly interpreted in the essay, the concept REALITY is used as an instrument of the interpretation of van Gogh’s artistic principles and artworks. The following linguo-cognitive mechanisms support the concept REALITY in its interpretative function: applying the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS SOMETHING THAT LIES BEHIND THE SCREEN CREATED BY THE CULTURE to read van Gogh’s letters, using the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS THE OBJECT THAT SHOULD BE SALVAGED to analyse the facts from the painter’s life, introducing the conceptual metaphor REALITY IS THE CONSUMING ITSELF PHOENIX, actualizing of the concepts WORK and PRODUCTION as the key concepts in the artist’s world image, utilizing the concepts WORK and PRODUCTION to interpret several of van Gogh’s paintings, applying the actualized conception of art for art’s sake to reveal van Gogh’s artistic principles, constructing the conceptual metaphors VAN GOGH’S ART IS APPROACHING THE WORLD and VAN GOGH’S ARTISTIC REPRESENTATION OF REALITY IS DISSOLVING IN REALITY, and constructing the conceptual metaphor VAN GOGH’S PAINTINGS ARE LASERS.

Pragmatics of performance and the analysis of conversational humor

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Kotthoff
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
Joint Production ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
The Core ◽  
Folk Taxonomies ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

AbstractIn this paper, I combine pragmatic theorizing with empirical interaction analysis to analyze conversational humor. By taking dialogic structures and the level of performance (utterance formulation, conversational sequencing and emergent genre construction) into consideration, I also hope to offer insights for cognitive linguistics. One key to performance analysis is that utterances always provide information, often called contextualization or framing procedures, on how they should be understood. Pragmatic modeling should take framing procedures and the reconstruction of various forms of knowledge invoked in normal, everyday communication into account to explain inferencing in humorous interaction. In most humorous activities, non-standardized inferencing forms the core of the humorous potential. It arises either from a sort of script opposition (Attardo 1994) or from playing with formulation standards and expected ways of speaking within conversational sequencing. To frustrate expectations is to invite unusual associations.I distinguish between comical interaction modality (keying and framing) and punch-line humor. Both invite listeners to make complex inferences. Besides this, they work with allusions. The listener must draw on life-world knowledge in order to understand the allusions that are central to both sorts of humor.I favor retaining the Gricean cooperation principle and its maxims for the analysis of humor and try to link the Gricean pragmatics of cooperation to performance analysis (framing, keying, layering, contextualization). Clark's (2004) plea to take into account the distinction between primary and collateral signals is highly suggestive of possible ways to grasp the functioning of emergent humorous interaction. In this paper, I apply pragmatic theories to two examples of emergent conversational humor not belonging to well-known conventional humor genres and consequently hard to classify using conventional folk taxonomies. Using these examples, I show what a pragmatics of performance can and should contribute to explaining how interlocutors co-construct humor and process various layers of meaning. Only when combined with a performance analysis that takes into account the layering of meaning and social and cultural knowledge can pragmatics explain the joint production of humor.

scholarly journals Obserwator i jego pozycja w opowiadaniu Tadeusza Borowskiego „Odwiedziny”

LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wnuk
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Literary Output

The Observer and His Position in Tadeusz Borowski’s Short Story Odwiedziny (‘The Visit’) The article is an analysis of Tadeusz Borowski’s short story Odwiedziny (‘The visit’). It focuses on linguistic and narrative devices through which the speaker influences the recipient’s perception, and so shapes the reading of his work. The first part is introductory, it presents the goals of the paper. The next part recalls the most important existing interpretations, both of Borowski’s literary output as a whole, and of the text at hand. They form the starting point to an analysis of the position of the character-narrator with regard to the events he is describing, and to the relation between the author, the narrator, and the main character of the story. These considerations constitute the third part of the present paper. It begins with a citation of the full text of the story, and is followed by the main argument announced in the title which refers to Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar and takes into special consideration such notions as scene, current discourse space, and vantage point. The closing part of the paper contains conclusions, contrasted with the theses put forward in the context of Borowski’s work, as well as suggestions of possible directions of further analysis of the story within the framework of cognitive linguistics.

scholarly journals INSULTS SPEAK LOUDER THAN WORDS: DONALD TRUMP’S TWEETS THROUGH THE LENS OF THE SPEECH ACT OF INSULTING

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-159
Author(s):  
Džemal Špago ◽  
Adi Maslo ◽  
Edina Špago-Ćumurija
Keyword(s):  
Political Discourse ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
The Third

While insulting opponents is not something alien to politicians and political campaigns, Donald Trump has added a new dimension to it by making it almost a part of his daily routine. Moreover, his insults are often blatant and outright, rather than subtle and disguised, which sets a new tone to political discourse. The goal of this paper is to establish whether his insults are random rants meant to vent his anger and frustration with his critics and political adversaries, or rather a part of a calculated strategy aimed at political gain. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the corpus, which consists of 915 tweets published by Trump over a four-month period, and which was done within the methodological framework of the speech act theory and, in part, cognitive linguistics, show that Trump’s insults are not based on impulsivity and randomness. The results also suggest that, based on the way the illocutionary effect of insulting is achieved, his insults are realized in three distinct patterns: derogatory nicknaming, conventional and indirect insults. The recurring framing of political opponents by means of derogatory nickname-calling, by far the most common type of insults identified in this study, reveals a higher-level agenda on the addressor’s side. His intention is to methodically discredit the targets of his insults in the eyes of the third party, whose role and reaction in this type of political discourse become even more prominent than that of the insulted party.

scholarly journals Kharkiv linguistic school. Heritage. Alexander Potebnja

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Evolutionary Epistemology ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Language Origin ◽  
Language And Thought ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linguistic Units

The article focuses on the scientific heritage of Alexander Potebnja as one of the founders of Kharkiv linguistic school. Potebnja’s seminal books and articles that among many other issues address language origin, human consciousness, and semantics of linguistic units are considered as milestones in the development of state-of-the-art humanities. The article reads his three tenets in terms of philosophy of language and cognitive linguistics. The first tenet concerns correlation between language and thought as a way of accounting for language origin and linguistic abilities of the human. The latter that uses language to communicate his world perceptive experience is ascribed a two-facet nature as both an individual and a nation. This tenet is viewed as one anticipating the underpinning principles of cognitive linguistics and theory of the national construal of the world. The second tenet concerns mental evolution of humanity. Potebnja sees it as a contiguity of image and meaning that diverge evolving in myth, poetry and prose. This tenet is considered as an anticipation of Popper’s Evolutionary Epistemology and Westman’s theory of the ontogenesis of the psyche. The third Potebnja’s tenet focuses on the symbolism of linguistic units. The exclamation and the word are juxtaposed in terms of their internal and external forms. The word and the exclamation are analyzed as signs that render meaning by way of, correspondingly, either indicating to it or symbolizing it. These features suggest conceptual parallelism with Pierce’s semiotic trichotomy of icon, index and symbol.

scholarly journals Positive Discourse Analysis (PDA): Spells the dominant discourse by relating the basic issues of the case study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
TIKADESTIANINDIA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
The Third ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
Respective Field ◽  
The Media ◽  
Society Perspective ◽  
Media Practices

Abstract: PDA stands on the text and compares, which text is good and true or do well and get right in experts or society perspective. This research surveys design inisiates to see the strategies framing on marginal discourse in Russian mass mediamedia. This study found some problems related to the Russian-chech conflict. In this conflicte, this study reveals the framing of the media describe Russian people are the ones who violate human rights, while the Chech people are freedom fighters who are cracked down from the Russians. In the first examine the counter-discourse that occurs between the two countries, while in the second part of the case study survey illustrates some of the strategies used in some texts that pertain to mainstream discourse, and in the third section explains more generally as taken from lexicogrammographic analysis, media practices, cognitive linguistics and psychology such as radical reframing and strategies used therein. Related to this research, identifying reframing with the editor is selected for publication can guide academic who want publicized for media coverage in their respective field of expertise or other social problems that appear in the community.Key Word : PDA: Russian Problem

scholarly journals Is Cognitive Linguistics deadly sinful? On the pros and cons of Cognitive Linguistics and its development

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Lin Gan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Seven Deadly Sins ◽  
The Third ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Future ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Dialectical Principle

Cognitive Linguistics started from the 1980s, and it has become a mainstream since the end of the last century and the beginning of this century, which has got widespread attention, with a nickname as the third revolution in linguistic circles after the Saussurean Revolution and the Chomskyean Revolution. According to the dialectical principle of “negation of negation”, theoretical research is always advancing, thus the linguists are beginning to think of the shortcomings of Cognitive Linguistics and new developments in the future. For instance, Dabrowska (2016) pointed out the seven deadly sins of Cognitive Linguistics, which, we think, are overstated and too radical. Cognitive Linguistics has its own historical significance and makes great contributions to the criticism of Saussurean “Linguistic Apriorism” and Chomskyean “Linguistic Nativism”, but Cognitive Linguistics also has its own weaknesses, which are to be exposed in brief in this paper. We have also tried to propose “Embodied-Cognitive Linguistics as a revision in order to emphasize the philosophical views of “materialism” and “humanism” as a basic start in linguistic research.

Ralph Strode's obligationes: The Return of Consistency and the Epistemic Turn

Vivarium ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Dutilh Novaes
Keyword(s):  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Average Reader

AbstractIn what follows, I analyze Ralph Strode's treatise on obligations. I have used a hitherto unpublished edition of the text (based on 14 manuscripts) made by Prof. E.J. Ashworth. I first give a brief description of Strode's text, which is all the more necessary given that it is not available to the average reader; I also offer a reconstruction of the rules proposed by Strode, following the style of reconstruction used in my analysis of Burley's and Swyneshed's rules elsewhere—that is, essentially based on the idea that obligationes can be viewed as logical games. In the second part, I address Strode's explicit arguments contra Swyneshed. In the third part, I discuss Strode's epistemic and pragmatic approach to obligationes.

scholarly journals Linguistic strategies for ad hoc categorization: theoretical assessment and cross-linguistic variation

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (s39-1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Mauri ◽  
Andrea Sansò
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Category Member ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Linguistic Strategies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
On Line ◽  
Pragmatic Account ◽  
Abstract Structure ◽  
Everyday Communication ◽  
Theoretical Assessment

AbstractAd hoc categorization is the bottom-up abstraction of a category starting from concrete exemplars of the category itself. When we observe linguistic data, we find various phenomena that provide evidence for the ubiquity of such an on-line, goal-driven and context-dependent categorization in everyday communication. Beyond offering concept labels in the form of words, language indeed provides speakers with a great number of strategies to convey reference to a class by naming representative individuals. After providing a semantic and pragmatic account of ad hoc categorization in terms of indexicality, we will survey ad hoc categorization strategies in discourse and across languages: they can be syntactic (lists, general extenders, exemplifying constructions), morphological (heterogeneous plurals, collectives, aggregates, compounds), or in-between (reduplication). We will argue that all these strategies show a similar abstract structure consisting in a categorization trigger, that is, some prosodic, morphological or syntactic element triggering the abstractive inferential process towards the category identification, plus a linguistic expression referring to some overt category member, which is processed as the starting point for abstraction. The diachronic connections between these strategies and the pathways leading to their emergence and conventionalization also speak in favor of their unified treatment.

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