A Brief History of “The Psychology of Time Perception”

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa J. Allman ◽  
Trevor B. Penney ◽  
Warren H. Meck
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Basic mechanisms of interval timing and associative learning are shared by many animal species, and develop quickly in early life, particularly across infancy, and childhood. Indeed, John Wearden in his book “The Psychology of Time Perception”, which is based on decades of his own research with colleagues, and which our commentary serves to primarily review, has been instrumental in implementing animal models and methods in children and adults, and has revealed important similarities (and differences) between human timing (and that of animals) when considered within the context of scalar timing theory. These seminal studies provide a firm foundation upon which the contemporary multifaceted field of timing and time perception has since advanced. The contents of the book are arguably one piece of a larger puzzle, and as Wearden cautions, “The reader is warned that my own contribution to the field has been exaggerated here, but if you are not interested in your own work, why would anyone else be?” Surely there will be many interested readers, however the book is noticeably lacking in it neurobiological perspective. The mind (however it is conceived) needs a brain (even if behaviorists tend to say “the brain behaves”, and most neuroscientists currently have a tenuous grasp on the neural mechanisms of temporal cognition), and to truly understand the psychology of time, brain and behavior must go hand in hand regardless of the twists, turns, and detours along the way.

Limitations Using Neuroimaging to Reconstruct Mental State After a Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-701
Author(s):  
Michael J. Vitacco ◽  
Alynda M. Randolph ◽  
Rebecca J. Nelson Aguiar ◽  
Megan L. Porter Staats
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Insanity Defense ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeuroimaging offers great potential to clinicians and researchers for a host of mental and physical conditions. The use of imaging has been trumpeted for forensic psychiatric and psychological evaluations to allow greater insight into the relationship between the brain and behavior. The results of imaging certainly can be used to inform clinical diagnoses; however, there continue to be limitations in using neuroimaging for insanity cases due to limited scientific backing for how neuroimaging can inform retrospective evaluations of mental state. In making this case, this paper reviews the history of the insanity defense and explains how the use of neuroimaging is not an effective way of improving the reliability of insanity defense evaluations.

Mind, Brain, and Behavior

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Pascual-Leone ◽  
Adolfo Plasencia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Inattentional Blindness ◽  
Detailed Explanation ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Change

In this dialogue, the Harvard neuroscientist, Alvaro Pascual-Leone initially reflects on the importance of ‘unlearning’ and forgetting. He then gives a detailed explanation of, and how he carries out, transcraneal magnetic stimulation (TMS) and how he uses this technology to fight diseases, as well as explaining his experiments on inattentional blindness. He then discusses how the brain acts as a hypothesis generator and whether the brain, the mind and the soul are different things or not. Later reflect on the questions: Is the mind and what we are a consequence of the brain’s structure?  Do changes in the brain change our reality? And why are a person’s dreams important? Then he explains how freewill and decision-making work from the brain, and relates his vision of intelligence and where it may be generated from, explaining the differences between the mind and the brain. He finally reflects on what is known so far about the brain’s “dark energy” and the way we are continuously being surprised by the wonders of the brain's plasticity.

scholarly journals Gaussian Process Linking Functions for Mind, Brain and Behavior

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giwon Bahg ◽  
Daniel G. Evans ◽  
Matthew Galdo ◽  
Brandon Turner
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Inference Procedure ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

The link between mind, brain, and behavior has mystified philosophers and scientists for millennia. Recent progress has been made by forming statistical associations between manifest variables of the brain (e.g., EEG, fMRI) and manifest variables of behavior (e.g., response times, accuracy) through hierarchical latent variable models (Turner, Forstmann, & Steyvers, 2019). Within this framework, one can make inferences about the mind in a statistically principled way, such that complex patterns of brain-behavior associations drive the inference procedure. However, previous approaches were limited in the flexibility of the linking function, which has proven prohibitive for understanding the complex dynamics exhibited by the brain. In this article, we propose a data-driven, non-parametric approach that allows complex linking functions to emerge from fitting a hierarchical latent representation of the mind to multivariate, multimodal data. Furthermore, to enforce biological plausibility, we impose both spatial and temporal structure so that the types of realizable system dynamics are constrained. To illustrate the benefits of our approach, we investigate the model’s performance in a simulation study and apply it to experimental data. In the simulation study, we verify that the model can be accurately fit to simulated data, and latent dynamics can be well recovered. In an experimental application, we simultaneously fit the model to fMRI and behavioral data from a continuous motion tracking task. We show that the model accurately recovers both neural and behavioral data, and reveals interesting latent cognitive dynamics. Finally, we provide a test of the model’s generalizability by assessing its predictive accuracy in a cross-validation test.

scholarly journals Gaussian process linking functions for mind, brain, and behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (47) ◽  
pp. 29398-29406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giwon Bahg ◽  
Daniel G. Evans ◽  
Matthew Galdo ◽  
Brandon M. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Inference Procedure ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

The link between mind, brain, and behavior has mystified philosophers and scientists for millennia. Recent progress has been made by forming statistical associations between manifest variables of the brain (e.g., electroencephalogram [EEG], functional MRI [fMRI]) and manifest variables of behavior (e.g., response times, accuracy) through hierarchical latent variable models. Within this framework, one can make inferences about the mind in a statistically principled way, such that complex patterns of brain–behavior associations drive the inference procedure. However, previous approaches were limited in the flexibility of the linking function, which has proved prohibitive for understanding the complex dynamics exhibited by the brain. In this article, we propose a data-driven, nonparametric approach that allows complex linking functions to emerge from fitting a hierarchical latent representation of the mind to multivariate, multimodal data. Furthermore, to enforce biological plausibility, we impose both spatial and temporal structure so that the types of realizable system dynamics are constrained. To illustrate the benefits of our approach, we investigate the model’s performance in a simulation study and apply it to experimental data. In the simulation study, we verify that the model can be accurately fitted to simulated data, and latent dynamics can be well recovered. In an experimental application, we simultaneously fit the model to fMRI and behavioral data from a continuous motion tracking task. We show that the model accurately recovers both neural and behavioral data and reveals interesting latent cognitive dynamics, the topology of which can be contrasted with several aspects of the experiment.

Puberty, Hormones, and the Social Brain

Coming of Age ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 69-95
Author(s):  
Cheryl L. Sisk ◽  
Russell D. Romeo
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

This chapter begins with some history of the field of behavioral neuroendocrinology and traces the origins of the classic organizational-activational hypothesis to explain sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior and hormonal influences on sex-typical social behaviors. The classic hypothesis posits that testicular hormones masculinize and defeminize neural circuits during a perinatal sensitive period, programming sex-typical activational responses to gonadal hormones in adulthood. Research since the mid- to late 1980s shows that a second wave of hormone-dependent organization of the brain and behavior occurs during puberty and adolescence and that ovarian hormones are actively involved in feminization of the brain during the adolescent period of organization. Next, a conceptual framework is presented for studying adolescent development of social cognition (the mental processes by which an individual encodes, interprets, and responds to sensory information from an animal of the same species) in the context of social reorientation, when during adolescence the source of social reward shifts from family to peers. The chapter reviews the literature on what social behaviors and aspects of social cognition are organized by pubertal hormones in males, as well as the nonsocial behaviors that are organized by pubertal hormones in males and females.

scholarly journals Historical epistemology of the body-mind interaction in psychiatry

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Keyword(s):  
Body Problem ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

This paper deals with the history of the relationship between the mind-body dualism and the epistemology of madness. Earlier versions of such dualism posed little problem in regard to the manner of their communication. The Cartesian view that mind and body did, in fact, name different substances introduced a problem of incommunicability that is yet to be resolved. Earlier views that madness may be related to changes in the brain began gaining empirical support during the 17th century. Writers on madness chose to resolve the mind-body problem differently Some stated that such communication was not needed; others, that mind was a redundant concept, as madness could be fully explained by structural changes in the brain; and yet others described psychological spaces for madness to inhabit as a symbolic conflict. The epistemology of the neurosciences bypasses the conundrum, as it processes all together the variables representing the brain, subjectivity, and behavior and bridges the “philosophical” gap by means of correlational structures.

scholarly journals Translational models of adaptive and excessive fighting: an emerging role for neural circuits in pathological aggression

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert E. Covington III ◽  
Emily L. Newman ◽  
Michael Z. Leonard ◽  
Klaus A. Miczek
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Cortical Inhibition ◽  
Schedules Of Reinforcement ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Offensive Aggression ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Translational Models

Aggression is a phylogenetically stable behavior, and attacks on conspecifics are observed in most animal species. In this review, we discuss translational models as they relate to pathological forms of offensive aggression and the brain mechanisms that underlie these behaviors. Quantifiable escalations in attack or the development of an atypical sequence of attacks and threats is useful for characterizing abnormal variations in aggression across species. Aggression that serves as a reinforcer can be excessive, and certain schedules of reinforcement that allow aggression rewards also allow for examining brain and behavior during the anticipation of a fight. Ethological attempts to capture and measure offensive aggression point to two prominent hypotheses for the neural basis of violence. First, pathological aggression may be due to an exaggeration of activity in subcortical circuits that mediate adaptive aggressive behaviors as they are triggered by environmental or endogenous cues at vulnerable time points. Indeed, repeated fighting experiences occur with plasticity in brain areas once considered hardwired. Alternatively, a separate “violence network” may converge on aggression circuitry that disinhibits pathological aggression (for example, via disrupted cortical inhibition). Advancing animal models that capture the motivation to commit pathological aggression remains important to fully distinguish the neural architecture of violence as it differs from adaptive competition among conspecifics.

scholarly journals Keep it real: rethinking the primacy of experimental control in cognitive neuroscience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Nastase ◽  
Ariel Goldstein ◽  
Uri Hasson
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Real World ◽  
Transformative Power ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Naturalistic experimental paradigms in neuroimaging arose from a pressure to test the validity of models we derive from highly-controlled experiments in real-world contexts. In many cases, however, such efforts led to the realization that models developed under particular experimental manipulations failed to capture much variance outside the context of that manipulation. The critique of non-naturalistic experiments is not a recent development; it echoes a persistent and subversive thread in the history of modern psychology. The brain has evolved to guide behavior in a multidimensional world with many interacting variables. The assumption that artificially decoupling and manipulating these variables will lead to a satisfactory understanding of the brain may be untenable. We develop an argument for the primacy of naturalistic paradigms, and point to recent developments in machine learning as an example of the transformative power of relinquishing control. Naturalistic paradigms should not be deployed as an afterthought if we hope to build models of brain and behavior that extend beyond the laboratory into the real world.

How Homo economicus lost her mind and how we can revive her

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe target article by Boyer & Petersen (B&P) contributes a vital message: that people have folk economic theories that shape their thoughts and behavior in the marketplace. This message is all the more important because, in the history of economic thought, Homo economicus was increasingly stripped of mental capacities. Intuitive theories can help restore the mind of Homo economicus.

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