A Study of Some of the Meteorological Effects on Radio Propagation at 96.3 Mc between Richmond, Va. and Washington, D. C.

1954 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Radio Propagation ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Meteorological Observations ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Meteorological Effects

This study was made to investigate the relationship of surface meteorological data and corresponding surface refractive indices to radio field strengths in the FM frequency band. For meteorological observations during which the wind speeds were equal to or greater than 10 mph, and when fronts, low overcast clouds (less than 5000 ft), rain, thunderstorms and fogs were excluded, a 0.70 correlation coefficient was found between hourly surface refractive index and hourly median field strength over a Washington-Richmond path at a frequency of 96.3 Mc.

Sensing Refractive Indices of Fluids by Wavelength-Tunable Laser and Novel Multi-stage Directional Couplers

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruei-Chang Lu ◽  
Keh-Yi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Power ◽  
Tunable Laser ◽  
Liquid Solution ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Directional Couplers ◽  
Wavelength Tunable ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Maximal Output ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn this work, the authors propose a modified type of multi-stage directional couplers and combine it with a wavelength-tunable laser to measure the refractive index of an undetermined biochemical liquid/solution. Tuning the wavelength of the laser incident on the modified multi-stage directional couplers, the relationship between the wavelength corresponding to the maximal output optical power and the refractive index of the unknown fluid has been obtained.

Iron-bearing smectites: a revised relationship between structural Fe, b cell edge lengths and refractive indices

Clay Minerals ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Heuser ◽  
P. Andrieux ◽  
S. Petit ◽  
H. Stanjek
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Edge Length ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Cell Edge ◽  
Turbidity Method ◽  
Structural Iron ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Iron Bearing

AbstractStructural iron in smectites correlates with the cell edge length b and increases the refractive index. The cell edge length b is usually obtained from the position of the (060) reflection, but in this work we show that such b values differ from the values obtained from Rietveld fits because contributions from (hkl) reflections shift the position of the (060) reflection. The correlation between Fe and cell edge length b was significant (r2 > 0.99); the relationship is b [Å] = 8.9977(0.0035) + 0.1117(0.0032) × Fetot. Furthermore, we present for the first time measurements of the refractive index n of Fe-bearing smectites, applying a recently published turbidity method (Weidler & Friedrich, 2007). The refractive index correlates both with structural iron (r2 = 0.64) and with b (r2 = 0.94).

Study of the electric field variation based on preliminary observations at the ENU cosmophysical complex in 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Ye. Tulekov ◽  
◽  
А.К. Morzabaev ◽  
V.S. Makhmutov ◽  
V.I. Yerkhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Atmospheric Electric Field ◽  
Field Variation ◽  
Atmospheric Physics ◽  
National University ◽  
Experimental Complex ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The atmospheric electric field Ez is the most urgent problem of study of the physics of the atmosphere and the processes occurring in it. The conducted studies show the relationship of the electric field with atmospheric processes. Monitoring its changes is necessary to solve practical problems. This article presents brief characteristics of the installation of the EFM-100 electrostatic fluxmeter of the scientific cosmophysical experimental complex at the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University (ENU) and its experimental data obtained in 2020. The article presents the results of observation of atmospheric-electrical characteristics near the Earth's surface and monitoring of the electric field of the atmosphere of the city of Nur-Sultan, in particular, estimates of the variation of the electric field of the surface layer of the atmosphere during sunrise and sunset based on data obtained by the EFM-100 fluxmeter. The comparison of meteorological data with the data of the electric field strength of the atmosphere is given. The analysis of the days and months in September and October 2020, when the conditions of “good weather” were manifested, was carried out. The series of electric field data obtained at other measuring stations show the characteristic periodicity of the electric field behavior. It is established that the value of the atmospheric electric field increases during sunrise with the manifestation of the solar terminator effect. It is interesting to study the relationship between the magnitude of the electric field of the atmosphere and the intensity of the cosmic ray flux, especially in the case of Forbush effects. The data of the ENU ground-based experimental complex allows us to conduct research on the study of atmospheric physics, including atomic electricity, as well as their interaction with cosmic rays and meto-conditions.

Study on the Test System of ERF's Performance

2013 ◽  
Vol 579-580 ◽  
pp. 813-817
Author(s):  
Xin Sheng He ◽  
Peng Huang ◽  
Kai Fei ◽  
Xiao Yi Zhang ◽  
Wei Zeng Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Apparent Viscosity ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Test System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Electrorheological fluid (ERF) is a new kind of smart materials, which has a great deal of market value and broad application prospects. To meet the needs of the ERFs performance testing, design and produce of the ERF's performance test system are based on the relationship of the apparent viscosity, shear stress and electric field strength. Select the NDJ-8S digital viscometer, high voltage DC power supply, liquid container, and other parts to constitute the ERFs performance test system after considering the relationship of the apparent viscosity, shear stress, shear rate and electric field strength. The system has potentials to control voltage, change velocity, change the distance between the parallel panels, and test the yield stress of the ERF, shear stress, viscosity and other parameters. The study introduces the hardware and software device, the related experiments, and obtains the relationship of the viscosity, rotational speed, voltage, and plate gap.

A Study on Relationship of Landslide Occurrence and Rainfall

2013 ◽  
Vol 438-439 ◽  
pp. 1200-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Yu Cheng Zhang ◽  
Hai Ying Hu
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Occurrence Rate ◽  
Geological Data ◽  
Rainfall Distribution ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Landslide Occurrence ◽  
Time Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Based on the analysis of geological data and meteorological data of landslide, the mechanism of rainfall-induced landslides was analyzed, and the relationship between landslide and rainfall was further discussed, including the landslides and rainfall distribution, the relationship between landslide and frequency of rainstorm, and the time relationship between landslide and rainfall. The results show that the probability of landslide occurrence and the quantity of landslides have positive correlation with rainfall. The landslides mainly occur from May to September in which the monthly mean rainfall is large. Meanwhile, landslide occurrence is closely related to the characteristics of rainfall of that day and rainfall of early days. When the daily rainfall exceeds 50mm or 10 days accumulative rainfall exceeds 100mm, the landslide is prone to occur and the occurrence rate of the latter is higher.

scholarly journals STUDY OF ATMOSPHERE INFLUENCE ON RESULTS OF DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Bolatbek Bektanov ◽  
Omar Sarybayev ◽  
Gauhar Serikbayeva ◽  
Azamat Kaldybekov
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Integral Index ◽  
Distance Measurements ◽  
Altitude Gradient ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article describes a method based on the relationship of the integral index of refraction of air with its integral altitude gradient. The refractive index N and its altitude gradient dN / dH are proportional to each other under conditions of limited atmospheric height. It has been established that the gradient of the refractive index can be found by the index itself with a known coefficient of coupling between them. Wherein, it is easy to find the gradient by the angle of complete refraction. Results of experimental studies and recommendations for its use are given. A correlation analysis of the results of synchronous measurements was performed.

Optical control of the interface between gold surface and blood cell samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 134-155
Author(s):  
Yu. M. Shirshov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Gold Surface ◽  
Optical Control ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Gold Films ◽  
Hemoglobin Content ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Strong Deformation ◽  
The Relationship

The optical properties of blood (spectra of the extinction coefficient, k, refractive index, n, etc.) carry important diagnostic information and are usually monitored using bulk samples. In this work, attention is drawn to the interface between the blood volume and the surface of glass or thin gold films on it, where the refractive index may differ from the bulk one. We draw attention to the relationship between two effects – SPR and TIR. It is shown that if the named effects are measured for two different external media 0 and 1 with different refractive indices, then the values of the angles SPR and TIR will be linearly related by the empirical formula SPR1=SPR0+TIR1- TIR0)*K, where the coefficient K depends on the thickness of the transition layer di between the surface and the volume of the liquid medium (suspension). Numerical calculation of K (di) for gold films shows that K = 1.6 at di = 0 and monotonically decreases to 0.01 with an increase in di to 300 nm (and further to 0). Measurement of the angular dependences of reflection, R(), on (1) 100% hematocrit blood samples, (2) hemolyzed samples and (3) washed erythrocytes with dilutions with a buffer solution. It was shown that all samples exhibit a minimum SPR, but the TIR angle can be measured only for blood samples with destroyed membranes (hemolyzed), buffer solution and plasma. The n-value for hemolyzed blood is 1.3505, which is indicative of a low hemoglobin content in the sample. At the same time, di for a sample of 100% hematocrit was 60-105 nm, which indicates a strong deformation of erythrocytes in the form of polyhedrocytes and their dense packing after centrifugation. Washing the cells with a buffer increases di to 280 nm and more and practically eliminates blood cells from the SPR sensitivity region. The reason for this may be that in the blood of 100% hematocrit, erythrocytes are in the form of polyhedrocytes tightly adhering to the gold surface, while as a result of washing and diluting with a buffer solution, the cells relax back into discocytes. As a result, the containing hemoglobin erythrocyte cytoplasm moves away from the surface at a distance di> 300 nm into the suspension volume and leaves the area of the enhanced plasmon-polariton field.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: III. THE ROLE OF BONDED WATER AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE IN THE DEATH OF AIR-BORNE CELLS

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Cellular Protein ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Light Scatter ◽  
Gram Stain ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cellular Water ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between cellular water and the death of air-borne cells, and the effect of added substances on these relationships, has been studied. The rate of death of air-stored cells has been correlated with the amount of water bonded to the cellular proteins. Refractive indices of cells, measured by light scatter and interferometry, have suggested that cells suspended in solutions of various compounds contain less water. With the exception of urea, the more able a compound is in displacing water, the less its protectiveness to air-borne cells. Inositol produced the smallest change in the water content and refractive index of cells. This is taken to indicate that, in the absence of water, this compound can form hydrogen bonds with cellular protein which are reversible with water. There appears also to be some relationship between the Gram stain reaction and aerosol stability of the cells. Ribonuclease and lysozyme treatment of air-stable cells rendered them air sensitive, whereas resistance to some antibiotics, and suspension in some antibiotics, afforded stability to air-sensitive cells. It is suggested that the site of damage is the cellular "membranes" which break down on desiccation and result in a loss of differentiation within the cell.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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