scholarly journals Is the secularization research programme progressing? Debate on Jörg Stolz’s article on Secularization theories in the 21st century: ideas, evidence, and problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-329
Author(s):  
David Voas
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Imre Lakatos ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Research Programmes

The methodology of scientific research programmes, developed by Imre Lakatos, can help us to identify which theories are strong or weak. Applying this approach suggests that the secularization research programme is progressing, as Stolz argues. Some of the recent advances have been more successful than others, however. In particular, we have done better at understanding how secularization happens than why it happens.

scholarly journals How Well Does Evolution Explain Endogenous Retroviruses?—A Lakatosian Assessment

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Ruben N. Jorritsma
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Early History ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Long Terminal Repeats ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Protective Belt

One of the most sophisticated philosophies of science is the methodology of scientific research programmes (MSRP), developed by Imre Lakatos. According to MSRP, scientists are working within so-called research programmes, consisting of a hard core of fixed convictions and a flexible protective belt of auxiliary hypotheses. Anomalies are accommodated by changes to the protective belt that do not affect the hard core. Under MSRP, research programmes are appraised as ‘progressive’ if they successfully predict novel facts but are judged as ‘degenerative’ if they merely offer ad hoc solutions to anomalies. This paper applies these criteria to the evolutionary research programme as it has performed during half a century of ERV research. It describes the early history of the field and the emergence of the endogenization-amplification theory on the origins of retroviral-like sequences. It then discusses various predictions and postdictions that were generated by the programme, regarding orthologous ERVs in different species, the presence of target site duplications and the divergence of long terminal repeats, and appraises how the programme has dealt with data that did not conform to initial expectations. It is concluded that the evolutionary research programme has been progressive with regard to the issues here examined.

scholarly journals Progressive and Degenerative Journals: On the Growth and Appraisal of Knowledge in Scholarly Publishing

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Dunleavy
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scholarly Publishing ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Journal Quality ◽  
Imre Lakatos ◽  
Alternative Framework ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Publication Practices

Despite continued attention, finding adequate criteria for distinguishing “good” from “bad”scholarly journals remains an elusive goal. In this essay, I propose a solution informed by thework of Imre Lakatos and his methodology of scientific research programmes (MSRP). I beginby reviewing several notable attempts at appraising journal quality – focusing primarily on theimpact factor and development of journal blacklists and whitelists. In doing so, I note theirlimitations and link their overarching goals to those found within the philosophy of science. Iargue that Lakatos’s MSRP and specifically his classifications of “progressive” and“degenerative” research programmes can be analogized and repurposed for the evaluation ofscholarly journals. I argue that this alternative framework resolves some of the limitationsdiscussed above and offers a more considered evaluation of journal quality – one that helpsaccount for the historical evolution of journal-level publication practices and attendantcontributions to the growth (or stunting) of scholarly knowledge. By doing so, the seemingproblem of journal demarcation is diminished. In the process I utilize two novel tools (themistake index and scite index) to further operationalize aspects of the MSRP.

Duhem-Quine, Lakatos and Research Programmes in Economics

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Heijdra ◽  
A.D. Lowenberg
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Research ◽  
Hard Core ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Correct Understanding ◽  
Protective Belt

The Lakatosian methodology of scientific research programmes (MSRP) is intended to circumvent the epistemological difficulties associated with various brands of falsificationist method, of which the most important is the Duhem-Quine problem. We reject the view that Lakatos’ MSRP needs to be re-interpreted before it can be used to appraise economic theories. A correct understanding of Lakatos’ distinction between the hard core and protective belt of a research programme leads to the recognition that conflicting theories can be accommodated within the same programme. This avoids much of the confusion encountered by some economists who have attempted to develop taxonomies of economic theories within a Lakatosian framework, but have made the mistake of overpopulating the discipline of economics with a plethora of spurious research programmes. Many of the latter are more usefully treated as subdisciplinary demi-cores within an overall neoclassical programme.

Lakatos, Imre (1922–74)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Worrall
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mathematics ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Imre Lakatos ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Proof Analysis ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Mathematical Discovery

Imre Lakatos made important contributions to the philosophy of mathematics and of science. His ‘Proofs and Refutations’ (1963–4) develops a novel account of mathematical discovery. It shows that counterexamples (‘refutations’) play an important role in mathematics as well as in science and argues that both proofs and theorems are gradually improved by searching for counterexamples and by systematic ‘proof analysis’. His ‘methodology of scientific research programmes’ (which he presented as a ‘synthesis’ of the accounts of science given by Popper and by Kuhn) is based on the idea that science is best analysed, not in terms of single theories, but in terms of broader units called research programmes. Such programmes issue in particular theories, but in a way again governed by clear-cut heuristic principles. Lakatos claimed that his account supplies the sharp criteria of ‘progress’ and ‘degeneration’ missing from Kuhn’s account, and hence captures the ‘rationality’ of scientific development. Lakatos also articulated a ‘meta-methodology’ for appraising rival methodologies of science in terms of the ‘rational reconstructions’ of history they provide.

scholarly journals „Efekt aureoli” i „efekt uczestnictwa” a niezależność prawników-naukowców

2017 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 133-148
Author(s):  
Jolanta Jabłońska-Bonca
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Occupational Roles ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Ethics Of Research ◽  
The Mass Media

“THE EFFECT OF AUREOLE” AND “EFFECT OF PARTICIPATION” IN THE LIGHT OF INDEPENDENCE OF LAWYERS-SCIENTISTSThe purpose of the text is to signal the need to investigate the conditions for the preserva­tion of the independence of lawyers who practice and simultaneously engage in science. Research independence is understood in the text as loyalty to the principles of methodology and ethics of research. There have been, and will be, lawyers-scientists who are creative, well-skilled to do re­search, and also autonomous, capable of criticizing the status quo, striving for truth no matter what the consequences. In the 21st century, being in such aposition is getting harder and harder. This is due to the fact that many lawyers-scientists concurrently perform important social and occupational roles besides scientific research. The article focuses on two examples of conditions that hinder the preservation of independence and entice lawyers-scientists into the world of politics and ideology. It is: a the activity of lawyers-scientists in the mass media and the consequences of the so-called “aureole effect”, as well as b the “dual occupancy” and the meaning of “participation effect”.

scholarly journals The Revival of Russian Scientific Research in Papua New Guinea at the beginning of the 21st century

2020 ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
N.N. Miklouho-Maclay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Russian Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The article describes two scientific expeditions to the Maclay Coast (Madang region) in Papua New Guinea in the 21st century organized by the Russian non-profit organization Miklouho-Maclay Foundation for the Preservation of Ethnocultural Heritage with the participation of the scientists of the Russian Academy of Sciences from Moscow and St. Petersburg in the footsteps of great Russian scientist, humanitarian and ethnographer Nikolay Miklouho-Maclay. The article represents the first research results and outlines the prospects of cooperation in the scientific, cultural and humanitarian spheres.

scholarly journals Barriers to Library and Information Science research

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
K. S. Sivakumaren ◽  
S. Swaminathan ◽  
B. Jeyaprakash ◽  
G. Karthikeyan
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
High Expenditure ◽  
Common Barriers ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The study examines the barriers related to Library and Information Science. A structured questionnaire was designed and directly administered to the LIS Research Scholars who are currently involved in the Research in the Universities/Colleges of Tamil Nadu (India). A total of 124 questionnaires were distributed and 109 respondents have replied. The majority of common barriers faced by the respondents are ‘High Expenditure’, ‘Lack of Statistical Skills’, and ‘Inadequate of infrastructures’ and ‘Poor response in data collection’. The study is also recommended that the Universities/Colleges offered the research programmes should consider to reduce the expenditure in terms of fee structures for the research and also the schools/departments which offer the research programme should redesign the syllabus to include the skills required to carry out the research. Further, it is emphasized that the LIS professionals should encourage and support the research scholars by means of providing the required data for the research.

Terminological polysemy in the prose of Mariia Matios

2019 ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Marchuk
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Full Inclusion ◽  
Literal Sense ◽  
Universal Language ◽  
Creative Individual ◽  
Gradual Development

The article is one of the attempts to analyze the linguistic features of modern Ukrainian female prose. Despite the fact that in recent decades literary scholars have revealed some important features of the works of this genre, the language of feminine prose remains poorly understood. The obtained results supplemented the information about the general patterns of the use of terminological vocabulary in the artistic text. In the article, we distinguish the main ways of using terminology as an artistic means of language of Ukrainian writers. The urgency of the topic of scientific research is determined by the increased attention to the genres of contemporary women’s prose and the creation of a separate term “female prose”. A thorough linguistic study of the language of Ukrainian novels by Mariya Matios will help to understand the influence of science and technology on the fiction language of the 21st century. Creative individual and author’s use of terms by an artist is the reflection of the main characteristic processes not only in the language of fiction, but also in the whole contemporary commonly used language. Scientific and technical terminology is at the present stage the leading place in the enrichment of expressive means of language, therefore, in our work, we highlight some of the most relevant aspects. First of all, from the standpoint of styles interaction the modern Ukrainian language, since terminology is a product of scientific style. The study of the place and functions of terminological vocabulary in the language of Ukrainian prose deserves attention also in terms of stylistics of artistic speech. It is important to establish certain regularities in the gradual development of the terms of modern prose – from their use in the literal sense to full inclusion in the artistic text, use in the form of tropes. The work will contribute to further study of the functional and stylistic features of the terminological vocabulary in prose, to reveal the main characteristic processes not only in the prose text, but also in the modern universal language.

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