The Validity of the Senior South African Individual Scale-Revised (SSAIS-R) for Different Population Groups

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
René van Eeden ◽  
Deléne Visser
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
South African ◽  
Predictive Validity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
African Individual ◽  
Individual Scale ◽  
Intellectual Level

The Senior South African Individual Scale-Revised (SSAIS-R) was developed jointly for coloured, white and Indian pupils. The functioning of the scale for a sample in which the three population groups were represented proportionally is described in the test manual. In the present study the validity of the scale for each group was investigated by performing factor analyses and by obtaining correlations with other intelligence tests and examination scores. The results demonstrated the construct and predictive validity of the SSAIS-R for each group. Although the factor structures corresponded for the groups, coefficients of congruence indicated that the construct being measured differed to some extent for some age groups. Differences in correlations with external criteria between the various groups imply that the value of the scale for classification according to intellectual level and for the prediction of academic achievement also varied to some extent for the respective groups. The scale may safely be used in educational situations to differentiate between pupils within any one population group. However, the results of the study should be kept in mind when norms are used to differentiate between members of the three population groups.

scholarly journals Age Related Variation in Feminine Handwriting among Population Groups of Delhi, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vijit Deepani ◽  
A.K Kapoor ◽  
Monika Saini
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Related Variation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Micro Features ◽  
Lower Loop

Background: Handwriting is a uniquely human trait which progresses and evolves during lifetime and declines with age. The aim of the present paper is to assess variation in handwriting features with age among female writers of select population groups of Delhi, India (for roman script). Method: A total of 405 handwritten samples were obtained from female (n=405) writers in the age range of 14-60 years. Writers were stratified into three age groups (≤ 18 years, 19-38 years and ≥39 years) in accordance to population group. Macro- and micro-features of handwriting were extracted from the scanned handwritten samples. These features were subjected to statistical analysis in the objective driven research. Result: The mean difference among age groups for pen pressure, height of handwriting and handwriting connectivity was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Significant difference was also observed among age groups for all micro-features of handwriting selected in the present study, namely, nature of ‘i’ – dot (p < 0.001), nature of lower loop of ‘g’ (p < 0.01); nature of‘d’- stem (p < 0.01), nature of ‘m’-hump (p < 0.05) and ‘r’- shape (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that there was a significant variation in both macro- and micro- features of handwriting with respect to age of the writer. Pen pressure, height of handwriting and handwriting connectivity were prominent macro-features that addressed age related variation in handwriting. In addition, significant variation was observed among age groups for all micro-features of handwriting selected in the present study. The present study has immense forensic significance as it can assist to analyze age of the writer on the basis of handwriting characteristics.

scholarly journals The efficacy of the Senior South African Individual Scale Revised in distinguishing between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, normal and sluggish cognitive tempo children

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Abdool Gafoor ◽  
Alban Burke ◽  
Jean Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
South African ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
African Individual ◽  
Individual Scale ◽  
Cognitive Tempo

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) and a non-clinical (NC) group of learners perform differently on the Senior South African Individual Scale Revised (SSAIS-R). The rationale for this study is based on literature that argues for SCT to be considered as a separate and unique disorder to ADHD. The SSAIS-R results of 618 (7–17 years of age) children were analysed for the purposes of this study. The total sample consisted of three groups, that is, ADHD (n = 106), NC (n = 427) and SCT (n = 85). Between-group t-tests were performed to test for significant differences between the three groups with regard to the different SSAIS-R subtests. The results indicated significant differences between NC and ADHD, NC and SCT but not between ADHD and SCT. These results suggest that if SCT is considered to be a separate disorder from ADHD, then this is not evident in terms of the performance on the SSAIS-R. It is recommended that other cognitive and neuropsychological assessments be included in future research to ascertain whether SCT, if it exists, affects performance differently to ADHD.

scholarly journals Inequalities in initiation of COVID19 vaccination by age and population group in Israel- December 2020-April 2021

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanay Gorelik ◽  
Michael Edelstein
Keyword(s):  
Generational Differences ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Orthodox Jews ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Binomial Regression

Background: In Israel, COVID19 vaccination coverage varies widely by population group and age. Despite the vaccine being locally and freely available in the entire country. Comparing crude coverage between localities and population groups is misleading because of differing age structures in different population groups. In order to describe inequalities in COVID19 vaccine initiation we determined differences in age-specific dose 1 vaccine coverage between the main population groups in Israel, and characterised the influence of age on vaccine coverage within each of these groups. Methods: We obtained daily doses administered by municipality and age from the Ministry of Health, and demographic data from the Central Bureau of Statistics. We determined whether the relative proportion of people vaccinated in each age group (15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60+) changed by population group (General Jewish, Ultra-Orthodox and Arab) using ANOVA and quantified association between age, population group and vaccine coverage using binomial regression. Results: 8,507,723 individuals in 268 localities were included. Compared with the General Jewish population, vaccine coverage was lower among the Arab and Ultra-Orthodox populations and lowest in the Ultra-Orthodox population in all age groups. Gaps between population groups differed according to age group (p<0.001). In all populations, coverage decreased with decreasing age (p<0.001). The Ultra-orthodox population was the least vaccinated in all age groups relatively to those aged 60 and over. Conclusions: In all age groups, the Ultra-Orthodox population had the lowest vaccine coverage. The younger the age group, the more Ultra-Orthodox Jews are diverging from their age peers in terms of initiating COVID19 vaccination. These findings suggest generational differences in terms of vaccination behaviour in this group. Qualitative studies understanding the causes behind this divergence can inform tailored vaccination strategies.

Revisiting Poverty, Human Development and Inequality in Democratic South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 097370302110329
Author(s):  
Vusi Gumede
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Human Development ◽  
South African ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
National Income ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Poverty Dynamics ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Society ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index

There are many questions related to poverty in South Africa that remain unsatisfactorily answered. Given the poor performance of the South African economy, including declining per capita incomes and increasing unemployment, since 2010 or so, it is important to examine poverty dynamics in the recent years. Many recent studies in this regard have relied on 2015 data, and do not examine all the three interrelated aspects of wellbeing viz. poverty, human development and inequality. In this context, this paper uses all the five waves of the National Income Dynamics Study and employs different poverty and inequality measurement techniques to investigate poverty dynamics, human development and inequality during the post-apartheid period in South Africa. The estimates suggest that although poverty was declining prior to the coronavirus pandemic, the African/Black population group is the most affected by poverty. The phenomenon of feminisation of poverty is also verified based on the evidence of increasingly more women in poverty than men. The proportion of population experiencing multiple deprivations, measured by the Multidimensional Poverty Index, have not changed in the post-apartheid period. Similarly, human development has not improved during this period. South African society continues to be one of the most unequal societies in the world. The paper argues that the inability to sufficiently reduce poverty, unemployment and inequality results from the weak performance of the South African economy. In the same vein, it is the structure of the South African economy that has kept the levels of human development low and income inequality high.

scholarly journals The Use of GIS Technology to Optimize COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution: A Case Study of the City of Warsaw, Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5636
Author(s):  
Sylwia Krzysztofowicz ◽  
Katarzyna Osińska-Skotak
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Vaccination Site ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Vaccine Distribution ◽  
The City

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global challenge, and the key to tackling it is vaccinating a specified percentage of the population to acquire herd immunity. The observed problems with the efficiency of the vaccination campaigns in numerous countries around the world, as well as the approach used at the initial stage of the National Immunization Program in Poland, prompted us to analyse the possibility of using GIS technology to optimize the distribution of vaccines to vaccination sites so as to minimize the period needed to vaccinate individual population groups. The research work was carried out on the example of Warsaw, the capital of Poland and the city with the largest population in the country. The analyses were carried out for the 60–70 and 50–60 age groups, in various approaches and for vaccines of different companies (Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca), used to vaccinate people in Poland. The proposed approach to optimize vaccine distribution uses Thiessen’s tessellation to obtain information on the number of people in a given population group living in the area of each vaccination site, and then to estimate the time needed to vaccinate that group. Compared to the originally used vaccination scenario with limited availability of vaccines, the proposed approach allows practitioners to design fast and efficient distribution scenarios. With the developed methodology, we demonstrated ways to achieve uniform vaccination coverage throughout the city. We anticipate that the proposed approach can be easily automated and broadly applied to various urban settings.

scholarly journals A pharmacogenetic study of CD4 recovery in response to HIV antiretroviral therapy in two South African population groups

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Parathyras ◽  
Stefan Gebhardt ◽  
Renate Hillermann-Rebello ◽  
Nelis Grobbelaar ◽  
Mauritz Venter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
South African ◽  
African Population ◽  
South African Population ◽  
Pharmacogenetic Study ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
Hiv Antiretroviral Therapy

A Developmental Exploration of Friendship Functions in Women

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Gibbs Candy ◽  
Lillian E. Troll ◽  
Sheldon G. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Developmental Issues ◽  
Best Friends

Interpersonal attachments in adulthood were explored through the investigation of the friendship functions in 172 women from 14 through 80. A priori functions were rated by the respondents on a Likert-Scale for their five best friends. Factor analyses revealed three orthogonal factors which characterized friendship for all age groups, “intimacy-assistance,” “status,” and “power.” One way analyses of variance (function by age groups) found no significant age differences between age groups for the function of “intimacy-assistance.” Significant differences for the functions of “status” and “power” were, however, apparent. Women from adolescence through the fifties rated their friends as decreasingly less important for “status” purposes, while women sixty and over rated this function very highly. “Power” decreased with increasing age through the fifties. There was a slight nonsignificant increase in the 60+ age group. These findings are discussed in relation to cognitive changes and developmental issues within various life-stages.

IMPACT OF FACEBOOK ADDICTION DISORDER (FAD) ON STUDY HABITS AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF ADOLESCENTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-207
Author(s):  
Shivani Vashishtha ◽  
Sona Ahuja ◽  
Mani Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Study Habits ◽  
Study Habit ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Facebook Addiction ◽  
The Impact

With the present era being technology driven, social media has become an indispensable part of many people irrespective of their age. Among different age groups, the maximum users are adolescents and among different social networking sites (SNS), Facebook shares the major part of usage by them. Many adolescents are tending towards excessive usage of Facebook leading to its addiction. Does this addiction have negative influence on adolescents or it actually helps them to keep up with their counterparts and be socially connected to them for their betterment? This question is unanswered specifically when it concerns the impact that it has on the study habits and academic achievement of adolescents. The hypotheses were tested in order to explore the impact of six dimensions (mood modification, deficient self-regulations, salience, loss of control, withdrawal, and relapse) of Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) using Bergens' Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), developed by Andreassen (2012). The results are based on the survey conducted on 200 adolescents studying in different schools of India. The findings indicate that there is a significant negative impact of Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) on study habits and academic achievement of adolescents. The major implication derived is that the higher the addiction to Facebook the study habit become poor and academic achievement decreases resulting in lower grades.

scholarly journals The physical activity and health status of two generations of Black South African professional women

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl M. Walter ◽  
Rosa Du Randt ◽  
Daniel J.L. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Black Women ◽  
South African ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Professional Women ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Health Promoting

Increased health risks associated with physical inactivity in the Black population have been reported in recent years. Black women, suffering the highest levels of inactivity, overweight and obesity, are at greatest risk of developing chronic diseases of lifestyle. This explorativedescriptive study investigated the physical activity patterns and health status of two generations of Black professional women, reflecting pre-democracy and post-democracy age groups. Quantitative measures were used, including the ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile. Sample groups comprised teachers, nurses, social workers and public sector managers. Participants aged between 35 and 45 years were allocated to the older generation group (n = 111), whilst those aged between 18 and 21 years (students in the mentioned professional fields) were allocated to the younger generation group (n = 69). The results indicated that these women displayed lower levels of health-promoting behavioural practices than expected, significantly lower levels of physical activity and significantly higher levels of overweight and obesity than the South African norms. The observation that the younger group appeared to be replicating the patterns of the older women is a cause of concern. Greater compliance to health-promoting behaviours was expected in this group owing to participants’ professional involvement in health, education and social development fields. Wide-ranging initiatives are necessary to promote physical activity and health amongst the Black female population in South Africa.Opsomming Gedurende die afgelope jare het navorsing onder die Swart bevolking ʼn toename in gesondheidsrisiko’s wat met fisieke onaktiwiteit geassosieer is, getoon. Swart vroue, wat die hoogste vlakke van onaktiwiteit, oorgewig en obesiteit toon, blyk ook die grootste risiko te loop om leefstylverwante chroniese siektes te ontwikkel. Hierdie ondersoekendbeskrywende studie het die fisieke aktiwiteitspatrone en gesondheidstatus van twee generasies van Swart professionele vroue ondersoek. Die tweegenerasiesteekproef verteenwoordig voor- en na-demokrasie-ouderdomsgroepe. Kwantitatiewe meetinstrumente, naamlik die ActiGraph GT1M versnellingsmeter, Globale Fisieke Aktiwiteitsvraelys en die Gesondheidsbevorderende Leefstylprofiel is gebruik. Die steekproef het onderwysers, verpleegkundiges, maatskaplike werkers en bestuurders in die openbare sektor ingesluit. Deelnemers tussen 35 en 45 jaar is aan die ouergenerasie-toetsgroep toegewys (n = 111), terwyl dié tussen 18 en 21 jaar (studente in bogenoemde studierigtings) aan die jongergenerasietoetsgroep toegewys is (n = 69). Die resultate het gewys dat die Swart professionele vroue laer as verwagte gesondheidsbevorderende gedrag, betekenisvol laer vlakke van fisieke aktiwiteit en betekenisvol hoër vlakke van oorgewig en obesiteit toon as die Suid-Afrikaanse norme. Die waarneming dat die jonger groep dieselfde gedragspatrone as die ouer vroue getoon het, is ʼn bron van kommer. ʼn Groter nakoming van gesondheidsbevorderende gedrag is onder die jonger groep vroue verwag, aangesien hulle hul opleiding in die professionele sektor van gesondheid, onderwys en maatskaplike werk ontvang. ʼn Holistiese benadering is nodig om fisieke aktiwiteit en gesondheid onder Swart Suid-Afrikaanse vrouens te bevorder.

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