Therapeutic Aerosol Delivery during Mechanical Ventilation

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 644-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise M Coleman ◽  
H William Kelly ◽  
Bennie C Mcwilliams ◽  
Annette Pérez ◽  
Marc M Perreault

Objective To provide an overview of aerosol drug delivery during mechanical ventilation in the pediatric and adult populations. Data Sources Published articles and abstracts identified in a MEDLINE search (1984–July 1994) were reviewed. Study Selection All articles and abstracts found, including review articles, in vivo and in vitro studies, case reports, and case series pertaining to issues involving aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation, were reviewed. No predetermined selection criteria were used to exclude studies. Data Extraction Percent delivery of the starting dose to either the patients or the various in vitro lung models, as well as each variable possibly affecting delivery for each study, were tabulated for each study reviewed. Data Synthesis The delivery of therapeutic aerosols to endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated patients presents a unique challenge for healthcare providers. Delivery can be affected by the diameter of the endotracheal tube and ventilator circuitry, type of ventilator, ventilator modes, type of delivery device, and how the delivery device is operated and introduced into the ventilator circuitry. The drug being aerosolized may behave differently from one delivery system to another. The proper operation of each device requires attention to positioning in the ventilator circuit as well as the mode of ventilation. Conclusions No apparent advantage exists for metered-dose inhalers with a large-volume adapter over jet nebulizers, as each method of delivery is capable of similar efficiency (5–15%). Sufficient attention to detail, including the use of an efficient nebulizer and/or adapter and proper placement and operating method, is required to provide optimal delivery. For bronchodilator administration, careful monitoring of outcomes will provide the most optimal dosing schedule.

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Muhammad Haider Amin Malik ◽  
◽  
Nazia Yazdanie

OBJECTIVE: To review the periodontal considerations associated with removable partial denture therapy. METHODOLOGY: Using a MEDLINE search, for "removable partial dentures periodontal", a total of 712 papers from peer-reviewed journals came in results. The MEDLINE search was made more specific by applying filters to the key phrase with other key words such as "periodontal evaluation"(140), "direct retainers"(77), "non-surgical periodontal"(8), "surgical periodontal"(180), "plaque"(249), "periodontal indices"(112), "tooth mobility,"(180) "periodontal maintenance,"(60) "splinting,"(198) and "split major connector"(2). Both in vivo and in vitro studies on the Perio-prosthodontic aspects of RPD treatment were included in the study pool whereas case Series and case reports were excluded. RESULT: A total of 1206 studies were collected from the search engine. After applying the exclusion criteria and filtering the duplicates a total of 95 studies were included for the narrative review. CONCLUSIONS: Out of all the factors, recall and oral and denture hygiene have the utmost importance. KEYWORDS: Perio-prosthodontics, removable partial denture, periodontal indices.


2002 ◽  
Vol 126 (11) ◽  
pp. 1382-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Kitchens

Abstract Objectives.—To review the literature for conditions, diseases, and disorders that affect activity of the contact factors, and further to review the literature for evidence that less than normal activity of any of the contact factors may be associated with thrombophilia. Data Sources.—MEDLINE search for English-language articles published from 1988 to 2001 and pertinent references contained therein, as well as search of references in recent relevant articles and reviews. Study Selection.—Relevant clinical and laboratory information was extracted from selected articles. Meta-analysis was not feasible because of heterogeneity of reports. Data Extraction and Synthesis.—Evidence for association of altered levels of the contact factors and thrombophilia was sought. A wide variety of disorders is associated with decreased activity of the contact factors; chief among these disorders are liver disease, hepatic immaturity of newborns, the antiphospholipid syndrome, and, for factor XII, being of Asian descent. These disorders are more common than homozygous deficiency. The few series and case reports of thrombophilic events in patients homozygous for deficiency of contact factors are not persuasive enough to support causality. The apparent association between levels consistent with heterozygosity (40%–60% of normal) of any of the contact factors (but especially factor XII) in persons with antiphospholipid antibodies appears to be due to falsely decreased in vitro activity levels of these factors, which are normal on antigenic testing. The apparent association with thrombosis is better explained by the antiphospholipid syndrome than by the modest reduction of the levels of contact factors. Conclusions.—Presently, it is not recommended to measure activity of contact factors during routine evaluation of patients who have suffered venous or arterial thromboembolism or acute coronary syndromes.


1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric F Trépanier ◽  
Guy W Amsden

OBJECTIVE: To review the epidemiology, mycology, clinical features and diagnosis, current pharmacotherapy, and pharmacoeconomics of onychomycosis. DATA SOURCES: We conducted a MEDLINE search from 1966 to May 1997. References from these articles, manufacturers of the discussed antimycotics, and relevant abstracts from recent dermatology conferences were used to collect pertinent data. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were obtained from published controlled studies and case reports. In the pharmacotherapy section, the most weight was placed on fully reported, randomized, controlled comparative trials, but abstracts and case series were included when well-controlled studies were unavailable. DATA SYNTHESIS: Onychomycosis is a common nail disorder that has a substantial impact on patients' quality of life. It is most commonly caused by dermatophytes, but yeasts and molds can also be involved. Diagnosis is made through clinical presentation, potassium hydroxide preparations, and culture of tissue/nail samples. Griseofulvin was the drug of choice for many years, but its low cure rates and the development of newer, more effective drugs made it fall out of favor. Current therapeutic alternatives include fluconazole, itraconazole, and terbinafine. Data on the use of fluconazole are limited to case series and reports. Continuous dosing of itraconazole and terbinafine are well-proven therapies. New data are becoming available on the use of pulse itraconazole dosing, which has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for fingernail infections. These drugs are well tolerated, but attention to drug interactions is necessary with the azoles. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, continuous terbinafine appears to be the most cost-effective drug for dermatophyte onychomycosis. OBJETIVO: Repasar la epidemiología, micología, características clínicas y diagnóstico, farmacoterapia actual, y farmacoeconomía de onicomicosis. FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Se realizó una búsqueda en MEDLINE del 1966 al 1997. Referencias de estos artículos, compañías manufactureras de los antimicóticos discutidos y extractos relevantes de conferencias dermatológicas recientes fueron usados para recoger datos pertinentes. MÉTODOS DE EXTRACCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN: Los datos fueron obtenidos de estudio controlados y casos reportados publicados. En la sección de farmacoterapia, se dió más importancia a estudios comparativos, controlados, aleatorios, reportados completamente, pero extractos y series de casos fueron descritos cuando estudios bien controlados no estuvieron disponibles. SÍNTESIS: Onicomicosis es un desorden de las uñas común que tiene un impacto sustancial en la calidad de vida de pacientes. Es ocasionada más comúnmente por dermatófitos, pero hongos y mohos también pueden estar envueltos. El diagnóstico se hace a través de la presentación clínica, preparaciones de hidróxido de potasio y cultivo de muestras de tejido/uñas. Griseofulvina fue el fármaco de selección por muchos años, pero su baja proporción de curación y el desarrollo de fármacos nuevos más efectivos ha ocasionado su falta de uso. Alternativas terapéuticas incluyen fluconazol, itraconazol, y terbinafina. La información sobre el uso de fluconazol está limitada a series de casos y reportes. La dosificación continua de itraconazol y terbinafina son tratamientos bien comprobados. Recientemente la Administración de Drogas y Alimentes aprobó el uso de la dosificación de itraconazol en pulso para infecciones de las uñas, y nueva información sobre este uso está siendo disponible. Estos fármacos son bien tolerados pero es necesario prestar atención a las interacciones de fármacos con los azoles. CONCLUSIONES: Al presente, terbinafina en administración continua parece ser el fármaco más costo-efectivo de selección para onicomicosis por dermatófitos. OBJECTIF: Revoir les caractéristiques épidémiologiques, mycologiques, cliniques, et diagnostiques, ainsi que le traitement courant, et les particularités pharmacoéconomiques des mycoses des ongles. SOURCE DINFORMATION: Une recherche informatisée sur MEDLINE a été complétée afin d'identifier la littérature pertinente entre les années 1966 et 1997. On a aussi sondé les références des articles identifiés, les compagnies pharmaceutiques qui produisent les agents antifongiques discutés, ainsi que les abstraits récemment présentes aux conférences dermatologiques. SELECTION D'ETUDES ET DES DONNEES: On a obtenu les données à partir de publications d'études contrôlées et d'observations écrites. Dans la section de la pharmacothérapie, on a mis plus d'emphase sur les études comparatives randomisées et contrôlées. Mais les abstraits et les observations écrites ont été utilisés lorsqu'il n'y avait pas d'études contrôlées. RÉSUMÉ: L'onychomycose est une maladie commune qui a un effet significatif sur la qualité de vie des patients. Le plus fréquemment, elle est causée par des dermatophytes mais les levures peuvent être impliqués. La diagnose est faite à partir de la présentation clinique, avec des préparations d'hydroxide de potassium et des cultures de tissu et des ongles. Malgré que la griséofulvine a été utilisée pour plusieurs années, son efficacité limitée et le développement d'agents nouveaux plus efficaces, ont diminué son utilisation. Le fluconazole, l'itraconazole, et la terbinafine sont des alternatives thérapeutiques. Il n'existe que des observations écrites qui décrivent l'efficacité du fluconazole. L'administration continue de l'itraconazole et de la terbinafine est d'ailleurs bien documentee. Il y a de nouvelles données sur la thérapie intermittente par l'itraconazole, cette méthode d'administration de l'itraconazole a été récemment approuvée par le FDA pour les infections fongiques des ongles. Ces médicaments sont bien tolérés, mais, avec les azoles, l'on doit faire attention aux interactions avec d'autres médicaments. CONCLUSIONS: Présentement, il semble que la terbinafine est le médicament le plus cost-effective pour le traitement des onychomycoses à dermatophytes.


2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (10) ◽  
pp. 1598-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Antoniou ◽  
Alice Lin-In Tseng

OBJECTIVE: To summarize existing data regarding potential interactions between recreational drugs and drugs commonly used in the management of HIV-positive patients. DATA SOURCES: Information was obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966–August 2002) using the MeSH headings human immunodeficiency virus, drug interactions, cytochrome P450, medication names commonly prescribed for the management of HIV and related opportunistic infections, and names of commonly used recreational drugs. Abstracts of national and international conferences, review articles, textbooks, and references of all articles were also reviewed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Literature on pharmacokinetic interactions was considered for inclusion. Pertinent information was selected and summarized for discussion. In the absence of specific data, prediction of potential clinically significant interactions was based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. RESULTS: All protease inhibitors (PIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are substrates and potent inhibitors or inducers of the cytochrome P450 system. Many classes of recreational drugs, including benzodiazepines, amphetamines, and opioids, are also metabolized by the liver and can potentially interact with antiretrovirals. Controlled interaction studies are often not available, but clinically significant interactions have been observed in a number of case reports. Overdoses secondary to interactions between the “rave” drugs methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) or γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and PIs have been reported. PIs, particularly ritonavir, may also inhibit metabolism of amphetamines, ketamine, lysergic acid diethylmide (LSD), and phencyclidine (PCP). Case series and pharmacokinetic studies suggest that nevirapine and efavirenz induce methadone metabolism, which may lead to symptoms of opiate withdrawal. A similar interaction may exist between methadone and the PIs ritonavir and nelfinavir, although the data are less consistent. Opiate metabolism can be inhibited or induced by concomitant PIs, and patients should be monitored for signs of toxicity and/or loss of analgesia. PIs should not be coadministered with midazolam and triazolam, since prolonged sedation may occur. CONCLUSIONS: Interactions between agents commonly prescribed for patients with HIV and recreational drugs can occur, and may be associated with serious clinical consequences. Clinicians should encourage open dialog with their patients on this topic, to avoid compromising antiretroviral efficacy and increasing the risk of drug toxicity.


1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1022-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarence Chant ◽  
Michael J Rybak

Objective: To review the current knowledge on RP 59500 (quinupristin/dalfopristin, Synercid), a new streptogramin antibiotic, with respect to its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, mechanism of resistance, and in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activity. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search using the keywords RP 59500, pristinamycin, virginiamycin, and streptogramin was performed. Relevant abstracts presented at recent scientific conferences also were consulted. Study Selection: Because RP 59500 is a relatively new investigational agent, relevant in vitro and animal studies were selected. All available human studies were included as well. Data Extraction: Data from in vitro and in vivo studies were included, with particular emphasis on human studies. Data Synthesis: RP 59500 is a new injectable streptogramin antibiotic consisting of a mixture of 2 synergistic pristinamycin compounds. RP 59500 possesses in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activity against most isolates of gram-positive organisms including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, selected gram-negative bacteria, and most anaerobic organisms. Based on preliminary data, the drug appears to be metabolized rapidly and extensively while exhibiting a significant postantibiotic effect. Data from ongoing clinical trials suggest that RP 59500 is well-tolerated except for mild injection site irritations. However, before the role of RP 59500 within the vast armamentarium of antimicrobials can be elucidated, additional studies need to be conducted to document its clinical efficacy. Conclusions: Based on in vitro susceptibility testing, in vivo studies, and preliminary clinical data, RP 59500 may be an alternative to the glycopeptides, especially for inherently resistant organisms. Further studies are needed to confirm this agent's in vitro activity and to establish its clinical efficacy.


1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 615-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred S Gin ◽  
George G Zhanel

Objective To review vancomycin resistance in enterococci ( Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium) with respect to history, epidemiology, mechanism of resistance, and management. Data Sources A MEDLINE, IDIS, and current journal search of English-language articles on vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) published between 1982 and 1994 was conducted. Study Selection Studies and reports pertaining to vancomycin-resistant E.faecalis and E. faecium were evaluated. Case reports, cohort, epidemiologic, in vitro and in vivo studies were evaluated. Data Extraction Reports in which vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations were 32 μg/mL or more were evaluated. Data Synthesis Large outbreaks of VRE infection have occurred as a result of nosocomial spread. Such outbreaks have required intensive infection control procedures to limit the spread of VRE. Vancomycin resistance in E. faecalis and E. faecium has been subdivided into phenotypes, VanA and VanB. The mechanism of vancomycin resistance is caused by the production of depsipeptide D-Ala-D-Lac, which replaces D-Ala-D-Ala in the peptidoglycan pathway, thereby preventing the binding of vancomycin to D-Ala-D-Ala in the peptidoglycan cell wall. The vanA gene is associated with a transpositional element (Tn1546) that can be transferred via conjugation while most data suggest that vanB has an endogenous origin. Education, aggressive infection control practices, surveillance programs, and appropriate use of vancomycin are necessary to respond to the VRE problem. Conclusions The prevalence of VRE has increased significantly in recent years and has become a worldwide problem. Several factors, such as prior exposure to vancomycin and antibiotics (e.g., cephalosporins, antianaerobic agents), physical location in the hospital, immunosuppression, prolonged hospital stay, and VRE gastrointestinal colonization are associated with VRE infection and colonization. Antibiotic treatment of serious VRE infection depends on the phenotype. Optimal treatment of the VanA phenotype is unknown; the VanB phenotype may be treated with teicoplanin and an aminoglycoside.


1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 289-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Tuneu Valls ◽  
Magdalena Trullás Altisen ◽  
Ramón Plá Poblador ◽  
Angels Ciurán Alvarez ◽  
Rosa Garriga Biosca

Objective: To review the use of sugar paste in the treatment of decubital ulcers. Data Sources: A MEDLINE, IDIS, and current journal search of English-language articles published between 1978 and 1993 on sugar paste in the treatment of ulcers. Study Selection: Case reports, cohort, epidemiologic, in vivo, and in vitro studies were evaluated. Data Extraction: Reports using granulated sugar or derivatives in the treatment of refractory cutaneous ulcers were evaluated. Data Synthesis: All the studies show that sugar paste treatment has satisfactorily resolved decubital ulcers, although a wide variability in treatment length has been seen. Considering the likely mechanisms of action for sugar paste, this wide variability may be a result of dressing frequency. In other words, for sugar paste to be most effective it has to be applied in such a way that a continuous optimal sugar concentration in the ulcer is maintained. To achieve this, dressing frequency should not be standardized, but individualized according to ulcer type, depth, and exudate, as well as patient healing capacity. Healing could probably have been achieved earlier if dressing had been individualized. Besides effectiveness and low cost, sugar paste is also safe, with few adverse events associated with its use. Conclusions: In spite of difficulties in evaluating the use of sugar paste in treatment of decubital ulcers, it has been shown to be an effective therapy for this disorder. However, we recommend that length of treatment be individualized for each patient.


2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 1694-1699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Z Jodlowski ◽  
Igor Melnychuk ◽  
John Conry

Objective: To review the available evidence regarding the use of linezolid for the treatment of Nocardia spp. infections. Data Sources: Data were identified through a search of MEDLINE (1966-May 2007), American Search Premier (1975-May 2007), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1960-2007), Science Citation Index Expanded (1996-2007), and Cochrane Databases (publications archived until May 2007) using the terms linezolid and Nocardia. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Prospective and retrospective studies, case reports, case series, and in vitro studies were eligible for inclusion if they used linezolid for nocardiosis regardless of site of infection and outcome. Data Synthesis: We identified 11 published cases of linezolid use for Nocardia spp. infections. The predominant species isolated were N. asteroides (n=4; 36%) and N. farcinica (n= 3; 27%). Nocardiosis with central nervous system involvement (n= 7; 64%) or disseminated disease (n= 4; 36%) were most common. The main reason for discontinuation of previous antimicrobials was most often related to adverse effects (n= 5; 45%), followed by clinical failure (n = 3; 27%). Linezolid was associated with cure or improvement in all cases (n =11; 100%). However, the majority of patients developed serious complications that may have led to premature discontinuation of therapy with linezolid, including myelosuppression (n = 5; 45%) or possible/confirmed peripheral neuropathy (n = 2; 18%). Conclusions: The limited published data suggest that linezolid appears to be an effective alternative to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for the treatment of nocardiosis. Unfortunately, the high cost and potentially serious long-term toxicities of linezolid appear to limit its use and relegate it to salvage therapy alone or in combination with other antimicrobials.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Honjo ◽  
Reiko Yamagishi ◽  
Nozomi Igarashi ◽  
Chui Yong Ku ◽  
Makoto Kurano ◽  
...  

AbstractTo evaluate the effect of postoperative corticosteroids on surgical outcome and autotaxin (ATX) levels after microhook ab interno trabeculotomy combined with cataract surgery (μLOT-CS), prospective, consecutive non-randomized case series comparing outcomes of 30 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma was performed. The aqueous ATX, intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma medications were monitored for 3 months postoperatively. An in-vivo mouse μLOT model was generated. In vitro, ATX and fibrotic changes induced by dexamethasone (Dex) treatment following scratch (S) in cultured human trabecular meshwork (hTM) cells were assessed by immunofluorescence, immunoenzymatic assay, and RT-qPCR. Postoperative ATX at 1 week and the number of antiglaucoma medications at 3 months were significantly lower in non-steroid group, and steroid use was the only variable significantly associated with postoperative medications at 3 months in multiregression analyses. In vitro, ATX activity was significantly upregulated in the Dex + S group, and αSMA was significantly upregulated in the Dex and Dex + S groups. Fibronectin and COL1A1 were significantly upregulated in the S group. μLOT-CS decreased IOP and medications in the overall cohort, and non-use of postoperative steroids resulted in a smaller number of postoperative medications. Limiting postoperative steroids in μLOT may minimize IOP elevation and postoperative fibrosis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 3178
Author(s):  
Matilde Tschon ◽  
Deyanira Contartese ◽  
Stefania Pagani ◽  
Veronica Borsari ◽  
Milena Fini

Many risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA) have been noted, while gender/sex differences have been understated. The work aimed to systematically review literature investigating as primary aim the relationship between gender/sex related discriminants and OA. The search was performed in PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Knowledge in the last 10 years. Inclusion criteria were limited to clinical studies of patients affected by OA in any joints, analyzing as primary aim gender/sex differences. Exclusion criteria were review articles, in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies, case series studies and papers in which gender/sex differences were adjusted as confounding variable. Of the 120 records screened, 42 studies were included. Different clinical outcomes were analyzed: morphometric differences, followed by kinematics, pain, functional outcomes after arthroplasty and health care needs of patients. Women appear to use more health care, have higher OA prevalence, clinical pain and inflammation, decreased cartilage volume, physical difficulty, and smaller joint parameters and dimensions, as compared to men. No in-depth studies or mechanistic studies analyzing biomarker differential expressions, molecular pathways and omic profiles were found that might drive preclinical and clinical research towards sex-/gender-oriented protocols.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document