Youth's personal relationships, psychological symptoms, and the use of different substances: A population-based study

2021 ◽  
pp. 145507252110507
Author(s):  
Adriana del Palacio-Gonzalez ◽  
Mads Uffe Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Externalising Symptoms

Background: Externalising symptoms and peer influence are well-established predictors of youth's substance use in general. However, there is little integrative research that compares the relative contribution of psychological and social relationship characteristics as predictors of the use of specific substances among youth in different developmental stages. Methods: A representative sample of Danish adolescents ( n  =  1,168) and emerging adults (EA; n  =  1,878) reported last-month prevalence use of cigarettes, cannabis, and other illicit drugs (OID), and four indices of alcohol use. Predictor variables included internalising and externalising symptoms, and major characteristics of the youth's relationships (e.g., parental drug use, number of close friends). Results: Having a close friend who used illicit drugs, and high externalising symptoms, predicted the risk for using all substances across both age groups. Alcohol use was more consistently related to peer-related variables than to symptoms. Smoking cigarettes, cannabis use, and OIDs use were related to peer and symptom variables. Age group moderated some associations. Parental separation was related more strongly to alcohol use among adolescents than among EA, and higher internalising symptoms were more strongly related to smoking and using OIDs among adolescents than among EA. Male EAs had higher risk for using alcohol than female EAs. Conclusion: Beyond having a close friend who used illicit drugs, and externalising problems, the use of each substance was better explained by a different group of variables. There were few but important moderations by age group. The findings highlight the need for research on risk factors for substance use that is developmentally sensitive, particularly for adolescents, and for specific substances. Thus, interventions and policies should address social, developmental, and psychological factors.

Why Should We Focus on Emerging Adults with Substance Use Disorders?

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
First Language ◽  
Developmentally Appropriate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Treatment Access ◽  
Problematic Substance Use ◽  
Problematic Substance

Emerging adulthood (roughly ages 18–29) is the lifespan period when the peak prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) and substance use occurs. Opportunities for prevention and intervention abound during these years. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the concept of emerging adulthood, as well as a laundry list of terms used to describe problematic substance use. The chapter argues that we must be mindful of using person-first language and, based on available stigma research, advocates for use of the term substance use disorder. The chapter then presents a strong rationale for creating more developmentally appropriate treatments for emerging adults. This rationale is based on three pillars: (1) emerging adults’ current underrepresentation in large outcome studies, (2) existing disparities in treatment outcomes between emerging adults and individuals in other age groups, and (3) the possibility of expanded substance use treatment access under healthcare reform.

The Gateway Hypothesis, Common Liability to Addictions or the Route of Administration Model? A Modelling Process Linking the Three Theories

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Mayet ◽  
Stéphane Legleye ◽  
François Beck ◽  
Bruno Falissard ◽  
Nearkasen Chau
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Gateway Theory ◽  
Initiation Sequence

Background: The aim of this study was to describe the transitions between tobacco (T), cannabis (C) and other illicit drugs (OIDs) initiations, to simultaneously explore several substance use theories: gateway theory (GT), common liability model (CLM) and route of administration model (RAM). Methods: Data from 2 French nationwide surveys conducted in 2005 and 2010 were used (16,421 subjects aged 18-34). Using reported ages at initiations, we reconstituted a retrospective cohort describing all initiation sequences between T, C and OID. Transition probabilities between the substances were computed using a Markov multi-state model that also tested the effect of 2 latent variables (item response theory scores reflecting propensity for early onset and further substance use) on all transitions. Results: T initiation was associated with increased likelihood of subsequent C initiation, but the reverse relationship was also observed. While the most likely initiation sequence among subjects who initiated the 3 groups of substances was the ‘gateway' sequence T → C → OID, this pattern was not associated with substance use propensity more than alternative sequences. Early use propensity was associated with the ‘gateway' sequence but also with some alternative ones beginning with T, C or OID. Conclusion: If the gateway sequence appears as the most likely pattern, in line with GT, the effects of early onset and substance use propensities were also observed for some alternative sequences, which is more in line with CLM. RAM could explain reciprocal interactions observed between T and C. This suggests shared influences of individual (personality traits) and environmental (substance availability, peer influence) characteristics.

ENZYME HETEROZYGOSITY ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH AT DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN OYSTERS

1982 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiva M. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cape Breton ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
One Year ◽  
Polymorphic Enzymes

Following our earlier reports on one-year-old oyster populations of Prince Edward Island (Singh and Zouros, 1978, 1981; Zouros et al., 1980), cohorts of three-year classes were studied from Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. Random samples of about 200 individuals from each year class were analyzed for four polymorphic enzymes. A number of generalizations emerged. There was a general deficiency of heterozygotes in the three age groups and this deficiency decreased with age (reflecting reduction in heterozygote deficiency). This suggests genotype-specific mortality during ontogeny. The deficiency of heterozygotes was more pronounced in slower growing, lighter individuals than in faster growing, heavier individuals. The number of heterozygous loci per individual was positively correlated with mean growth rate. The variance in weight was lower in heterozygotes; it decreased with increase in number of heterozygous loci in a given age group. Overdominance in growth rate appears to be the most plausible explanation for these observations.

scholarly journals Alcohol consumption, obesity and hypertension: Relationship patterns along different age groups in Uganda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye ◽  
Gerald Mutungi ◽  
Silver Bahendeka ◽  
Ronald Wesonga ◽  
Monica H. Swahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Relationship Patterns ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

AbstractIntroductionUganda is experiencing a significant increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases including hypertension and obesity. Frequent alcohol use is also highly prevalent in Uganda and is a key risk factor for both hypertension and obesity. This study determines the trends of frequent alcohol consumption, hypertension and obesity across different age groups, and the extent to which alcohol consumption affects the two.MethodsThe data were extracted from the 2014 National Non-communicable Diseases Risk Factor Survey (N=3,987) conducted among adults aged 18 to 69 years. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140mmHG or diastolic blood pressure ≥90. Obesity was defined as body mass index >30 kg/m2. Frequent alcohol consumption was defined as alcohol use 3 or more times a week. Multivariable log binomial regression analysis was carried out for each of the two outcome variables against age group and controlled for frequency of alcohol consumption and few other independent factors. Non-parametric tests were used to compare trends of prevalence ratios across age groups. Modified Poisson regression was use in few instances when the model failed to converge.ResultsThe results showed increasing trend in the prevalence of hypertension and frequent alcohol consumption but a declining trend for obesity along different age groups (p<0.01). Frequency of alcohol consumption did not significantly modify the age group-hypertension and age group-obesity relationships although the effect was significant with ungrouped age. There was significance in difference of fitted lines for hypertension prevalence ratios between frequent drinkers and mild drinkers and between abstainers and frequent drinkers. Alcohol consumption did not have any significant effect on obesity-age group relationship.ConclusionThe results call for more research to understand the effect of alcohol on the hypertension-age relationship, and the obesity-age relationship. Why prevalence ratios for hypertension decline among those who take alcohol most frequently is another issue that needs further research.

Substance Use Disorders in the Elderly

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Burgard ◽  
Robert Kohn
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Nursing Home Residents ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Driving Under The Influence

Substance use disorders in older adults remains lower than in younger adults; however, the prevalence is rising in the elderly population. In the United States, the lifetime prevalence of an alcohol use disorder among persons age 65 and older is 16.1%. Studies of Veteran’s Administration nursing home residents have found that 29% to 49% of those admitted have a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorder. A sizable proportion of the elderly acknowledge driving under the influence. In 2013, 1.5% of the elderly had used illicit drugs. The number requiring treatment for substance abuse is expected to double by 2020. The populations with the fastest increase in opiate mortality are those age 55 and older, including those 65 and older. This chapter presents the epidemiology of substance use among older adults and discusses issues related to elders’ substance use, including use in nursing homes, impaired driving and arrests, use of non-prescription medications, screening for substance use, and treatment.

Polydrug Use and Dating Violence Among Emerging Adults

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052093442
Author(s):  
Hye Jeong Choi ◽  
Hannah Grigorian ◽  
Alisa Garner ◽  
Gregory L. Stuart ◽  
Jeff. R. Temple
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Violence Prevention ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Heavy Alcohol ◽  
Violence Victimization ◽  
Polysubstance Use

We examined sociodemographic and psychosocial risk factors that moderate the (poly) substance use and dating violence victimization and perpetration relationship among emerging adults. Using an ethnically diverse sample ( N = 698), we used latent class analyses to identify mutually exclusive groups based on monthly and past-year substance use. We then examined these groups as they relate to dating violence victimization and perpetration and the moderating effect of various risk factors. Five classes were identified based on substance use patterns: (a) Regular Alcohol use, (b) Polysubstance use, (c) Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana use, (d) Mild Alcohol use, and (e) Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana use classes. Participants in the Polysubstance use class were the most likely to perpetrate dating violence followed by Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana use, Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana use, Regular Alcohol, and Mild Alcohol use classes. Similarly, participants in the Polysubstance use class were the most likely to be victims of dating violence followed by Occasional Alcohol and Marijuana, Heavy Alcohol and Marijuana, Regular Alcohol, and Mild Alcohol use classes. Depending on substance use class, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, history of dating violence, and trauma symptoms differentially influenced dating violence perpetration and victimization at 1-year follow-up. Our findings support the need to comprehensively address dating violence among emerging adults. Intimate partner violence prevention and intervention programs may benefit from targeting emerging adults who misuse substances and incorporating substance use interventions into dating violence prevention efforts.

Beyond susceptibility: Openness to peer influence is predicted by adaptive social relationships

2020 ◽  
pp. 016502542092261
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Allen ◽  
Emily L. Loeb ◽  
Jessica Kansky ◽  
Alida A. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Close Friend ◽  
Deviant Peers ◽  
Human Relationships ◽  
Adolescent Substance ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
Peer Report

This study examined the hypothesis, derived from theories highlighting the importance of group harmony and sense of belonging in human relationships, that the adolescents who are most likely to be influenced by their close friends are those who have the highest quality social relationships. Potential moderators of close friend influence on adolescent substance use were examined in a sample of 157 adolescents followed across a 1-year period in mid-adolescence using a combination of observational, sociometric, and self- and peer-report measures. As hypothesized, the degree to which adolescents changed their levels of substance use in accord with a close friend’s levels of use at baseline was predicted by multiple, independent markers of higher quality social relationships including having a higher quality maternal relationship, being identified as a socially desirable companion within the broader peer group, and having a close friend who handled disagreements with warmth and autonomy. Notably, influence processes were neutral in valence: Teens displayed relative reductions in substance use when their close friends had low levels of use and the opposite when their friends had high levels of use. Results are discussed as suggesting the need to distinguish overall normative and adaptive peer influence processes from the sometimes maladaptive effects that can occur when teens associate with specific deviant peers or with a problematic adolescent subculture.

scholarly journals A systematic review of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and substance use in adolescents and emerging adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1155-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley B West ◽  
Kelsey M Bittel ◽  
Michael A Russell ◽  
M Blair Evans ◽  
Scherezade K Mama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Multiple Behavior Change

Abstract The transition from adolescence into emerging adulthood is marked by changes in both physical activity and substance use. This systematic review characterized associations between movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior) and frequently used substances (alcohol, cannabis) among adolescents and emerging adults to inform lifestyle interventions that target multiple behavior change outcomes. This systematic review was guided by PRISMA. Electronic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched from inception through June 25, 2019. The search was designed to identify empirical studies reporting an association between physical activity or sedentary behavior and alcohol or cannabis, with search criteria determining eligibility based on several sampling characteristics (e.g., participants under 25 years of age). After identifying and screening 5,610 studies, data were extracted from 97 studies. Physical activity was positively associated with alcohol use among emerging adults, but the literature was mixed among adolescents. Sedentary behavior was positively associated with alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, but evidence was limited among emerging adults. Self-report measures were used in all but one study to assess these behaviors. Physical activity is linked to greater alcohol use among emerging adults. Whereas existing studies demonstrate that sedentary behavior might serve as a risk marker for alcohol and cannabis use among adolescents, additional primary research is needed to explore these associations in emerging adults. Future work should also use device-based measures to account for timing of and contextual features surrounding activity and substance use in these populations.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Substance Use in University Students, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 117822182110035
Author(s):  
Tewodros Shegute ◽  
Yared Wasihun
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Addis Ababa University ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Study Participants

Background: Although substance use is a known public health problem and a pressing issue in Ethiopia, its real extent and magnitude are not yet properly explored. The current study aimed to determine the extent and predictors of substance use among regular undergraduate students in the Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was carried among 794 undergraduate regular students at the Institute of Technology, Addis Ababa University, using a self-administered structured questionnaire filled by study participants. Data entry, cleaning, and coding were performed by EPI-INFO version 3.5.1. Statistical Package for Social Sciences; AOR: Adjusted odds ratio (SPSS) SPSS version 21 software was used to analyze data by performing descriptive statistics, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Results: 73.7% of the study participants used substances at least once. The lifetime use of each substance includes alcohol (68.2%), khat (53.6%), cigarettes (46.1%), and illicit drugs (23.3%). Loss of family (AOR [95%CI], 34.50 [7.569, 157.263]), pocket money between 500 and 999 Ethiopian birr (AOR [95%CI], 9.978 [1.240, 80.280]), and above 1000 Ethiopian birr (AOR [95%CI], 10.831 [1.333, 87.971]) were identified predictors for khat use. The odds of lifetime alcohol use was higher among students coming from a divorced family (AOR [95%CI], 9.346 [3.162, 27.625]), lost one (AOR [95%CI], 37.406 [11.375, 123.008]), or both of their parents (AOR [95%CI], 18.750 [5.798, 60.633]). Students of urban origin (AOR [95%CI], 3.214 [1.950, 5.296]), and students with anxiety symptoms (AOR [95%CI], 2.655 [1.981, 3.557]) have a higher odds of lifetime cigarette smoking. The lifetime exposure to illicit drugs is higher among students in age groups between 20 and 24 years (AOR [95%CI], 5.963 [1.361, 26.135]), students coming from substance user family (AOR [95%CI], 2.172 [1.161, 4.063]), and students of urban origin (AOR [95%CI], 2.661 [1.202, 5.889]). Conclusion: A higher prevalence of substance use requiring administrative and educational interventions was observed. Awareness creation interventions on the potential impacts of substance abuse should be performed.

Association Between Postpartum Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms, Stress, and Social Support in Adolescent Mothers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Barnet ◽  
Anne K. Duggan ◽  
Michele D. Wilson ◽  
Alain Joffe
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Adolescent Mothers ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Substance Users ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use

Objective. Substance use by pregnant teenagers is an important public health problem, but published data on alcohol and illicit drug use by parenting teenagers are virtually nonexistent. This study determined the prevalence of alcohol and drug use in adolescent mothers in the first 4 months postpartum and explored associated psychosocial characteristics. Methods. Teenagers attending a comprehensive adolescent pregnancy and parenting program were enrolled consecutively during a routine third trimester prenatal visit. Alcohol use since delivery was determined by self-report at 4 months postpartum using an instrument developed for the 1984 Survey of Drug Abuse Among Maryland Adolescents. Illicit drug use was measured with anonymous quantitative urine drug screens at 2 and 4 months postpartum. Depressive symptoms, stress, and social support were assessed at 2 and 4 months postpartum using validated, self-administered instruments. Differences in demographic characteristics, peer group influences, and psychosocial variables between substance users and nonusers were evaluated. Results. Participants (125/129 eligible) were predominantly African-American, mean age 16.3 years. Completed assessments were obtained from 110 at 2 months and 105 at 4 months postpartum. Forty-two percent screened positive for illicit drugs at a postpartum visit or reported using alcohol since delivering their baby and were classified as substance users. Thirty-one percent of subjects reported alcohol use since delivery. Marijuana was the most prevalent illicit drug (14%), followed by opiates (5%), and cocaine (4%). When substance users were compared with nonusers, 44% versus 24% scored depressed (P = .02), 62% versus 43% had high stress (P = .04), and 62% versus 44% reported a high need for social support (P = .07). Results of logistic regression, after controlling for age, indicated that illicit substance and/or alcohol use was 3.3 times greater for those who were depressed, 2.8 times greater if they reported friends' using illicit drugs, and 6.7 times greater if the adolescent reported smoking cigarettes since delivery. Conclusions. This study indicates that alcohol and drug use are common among this sample of postpartum teenage mothers and that depression, stress, high support need, and peer group drug use are associated factors. Although this study cannot determine whether depression and stress precede or result from use of substances, attention to these factors appears warranted in the care of adolescent mothers.

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