scholarly journals Large California wildfires: 2020 fires in historical context

Fire Ecology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon E. Keeley ◽  
Alexandra D. Syphard
Keyword(s):  
Palmer Drought Severity Index ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
First Century ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Large Fire ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Large Fires ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background California in the year 2020 experienced a record breaking number of large fires. Here, we place this and other recent years in a historical context by examining records of large fire events in the state back to 1860. Since drought is commonly associated with large fire events, we investigated the relationship of large fire events to droughts over this 160 years period. Results This study shows that extreme fire events such as seen in 2020 are not unknown historically, and what stands out as distinctly new is the increased number of large fires (defined here as > 10,000 ha) in the last couple years, most prominently in 2020. Nevertheless, there have been other periods with even greater numbers of large fires, e.g., 1929 had the second greatest number of large fires. In fact, the 1920’s decade stands out as one with many large fires. Conclusions In the last decade, there have been several years with exceptionally large fires. Earlier records show fires of similar size in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Lengthy droughts, as measured by the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), were associated with the peaks in large fires in both the 1920s and the early twenty-first century.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LATE TWENTIETH-EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Articult ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Evgenia I. Vinogradova ◽  
◽  
Evgeny V. Kilimnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
First Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyzes the work of Western and Russian scientists, conducted in the past three decades, on the relationship of psychology and architecture. It is shown that in the West, the neuropsychological aspects of the relationship of psychology and architecture are studied thanks to modern neurobiological equipment, while in Russia there is a clear gap between the representatives of neuroscience, their technical support, and the architectural scientific community. As a result of the analysis conducted in the article, it is concluded that two research blocks can be distinguished. The first of them highlights the relationship between the psyche of the viewer and architecture. This may include research, both revealing the features of the perception of objects, and the influence of an architectural object on the viewer. Another block of research is connected with the psyche of the architect: and here the features of the design process itself are examined, as well as the influence of the personality of the architect on the features of the architectural object. It is concluded that the topic of reflecting the individual or individually-typological psychological characteristics of the personality of an architect in a specific architectural work remains undeveloped both in the West and in Russia, although it is extremely relevant today.

Democracy, Race, and the Socialist Project in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Robert C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
American People ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Lyndon Johnson ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Franklin Roosevelt ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Poll Data

This paper examines the relationship between race, socialism, and democracy in America. It is organized into five sections and a conclusion. The first section explores how socialism has been viewed by many black leaders and intellectuals as necessary, imperative perhaps, in the black struggle for material equality, and further investigates the relationship of this black perspective on socialism to white opposition. The second section uses the most recent historical work to identify the factors that have the stalled the development of socialism in America. I also assess how these factors have changed or not in terms of making the socialist project more likely. In the third section, I analyze available poll data on American opinion about socialism from the 1930s to the present. While the data show unambiguously increased support for socialism since the 1930s, socialism does not today command the support of a majority of the American people. In the fourth section I examine the paradigmatic Franklin Roosevelt presidency on how liberal Democratic presidents have avoided the socialist label while embracing socialist programs. The fifth section is a brief examination of what socialism—really existing socialism—means in the early twenty-first century, and the idea of “socialist smuggling” as manifested in the presidencies of FDR and Lyndon Johnson. The speculative conclusion asks what are the prospects for the socialist project, and whether the white liberal cosmopolitan bourgeoisie rather than the white working class might become a mass base for the socialist project.

scholarly journals The Magnitude and Causes of Global Drought Changes in the Twenty-First Century under a Low–Moderate Emissions Scenario

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 4490-4512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianbao Zhao ◽  
Aiguo Dai
Keyword(s):  
Palmer Drought Severity Index ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
First Century ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Drought Frequency ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Twenty First Century

Abstract Atmospheric demand for moisture and dry days are expected to increase, leading to drying over land in the twenty-first century. Here, the magnitude and key drivers of this drying are investigated using model simulations under a low–moderate scenario, RCP4.5. The self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index with the Penman–Monteith potential evapotranspiration (PET) (sc_PDSI_pm), top 10-cm soil moisture (SM), and runoff (R) from 14 models are analyzed. The change patterns are found to be comparable while the magnitude differs among these measures of drought. The frequency of the SM-based moderate (severe) agricultural drought could increase by 50%–100% (100%–200%) in a relative sense by the 2090s over most of the Americas, Europe, and southern Africa and parts of East and West Asia and Australia. Runoff-based hydrological drought frequency could also increase by 10%–50% over most land areas despite increases in mean runoff. The probability density functions (PDFs) flatten, enhancing the drought increases induced primarily by decreases in the mean. Precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (E) changes contribute to the SM change; whereas decreases in sc_PDSI_pm result from ubiquitous PET increases of 10%–20% with contributions from decreased P over subtropical areas. Rising temperatures and vapor deficits explain most of the PET increase, which in turn explains most of the E increases over Asia and northern North America while decreased SM leads to lower E over the rest of the world. Radiation and wind speed changes have only small effects on future PET and drought. Globally, runoff ratio changes little while P, E, and R all increase by about 4%–5% in the twenty-first century.

Two Worlds of Unionism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Milkman
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
Labor Movement ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This chapter examines the ways in which job segregation by gender is mirrored in the structure of organized labor, by analyzing patterns of union membership by gender, occupation, and industry in the early twenty-first century. It first looks at data on workforce feminization and segregation as well as evidence of women's view of organized labor and receptivity to unionism before comparing the composition of union membership to that of the U.S. labor force as a whole. It shows that there are two separate worlds of unionism, one male and one female, each with a distinctive culture and political orientation. Finally, it considers the fact that the labor movement is highly segmented along gender lines, along with its implications for understanding the dynamics of the relationship of women workers to unions in an era of labor movement decline.

scholarly journals The structure of Associative Fields of Stimuli природа / природа / прырода / die Natur in East Slavic and German Languages

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Діана Терехова
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
First Century ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Value Priorities ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The One ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
World Image

The problem of the relationship between man and nature, society and nature is of current interest for many sciences. Global processes occurring in the world, also due to human activities, increasingly attract attention of community to the ecology, highlight the fragility of life in general and humans in particular. Thus, the topicality of research is determined by the need to solve the problem of harmonious coexistence of man and nature on the one hand, and the necessity to clarify the awareness of the mentioned issue by each community of people on the other. Psycholinguistic methods of research would help in a study of peculiarities of fragments of world image that hide behind the word "nature" in the linguistic consciousness of different ethnic groups. The objective of the research is the contrastive psycholinguistic analysis of associative fields of words-stimuli природа / природа / прырода / die Natur in order to reveal the general and specific features in images of linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarussians and Germans. Attitude to nature was formed by every nation in its own national cultural space, in a historical context, it reflects its value priorities. The material was obtained as a result of series of associative experiments in the early twenty-first century. The respondents were students of higher educational institutions of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Germany: 100 representatives from each nation. The material of the free associative experiment is used in this study. Associative fields of word-stimulus природа and its correlates in Russian, Belarusian and German languages were obtained in the result of processing experimental material. Comprehensive contrastive analysis of associative fields was conducted by the method of associative gestalt, that we understand as a solid image, which has a clear structure within the association field. As a result of research we have detected the similarities in the images of linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, and Germans that can be explained mainly due to universal human values and differences. The gestalt structure of associative fields in each language clearly demostrate the differences in images of linguistic consciousness. The differences are seen in the different number of zones in four gestalts of studied languages, in the presence of some zones only in certain gestalt unlike others, in size of zones, that define their rating and originality of structure of each associative field, in quantitative and qualitative composition of zones as well as in the cores of gestalts. References Markovina, I., Danilova, Ye. (2000).Spetsifika jazikovogo soznaniya russkikh i amerikantsev: opit postroyeniya assotsiativnogo geshtalta” tekstovoriginala i perevoda. [Specificity ofthe linguistic consciousness of Russians and Americans: the experience of constructing ofthe “associative gestalt” of texts of original and translation]. In:Yazikovoye Soznaniye i Obraz Mira (pp. 116–132), N. V. Ufimtseva, (ed). Moscow:Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  

scholarly journals Analysis of wet and dry season by using the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) over Java Island

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sinta Berliana S. ◽  
Indah Susanti ◽  
Bambang Siswanto ◽  
Amalia Nurlatifah ◽  
Hidayatul Latifah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palmer Drought Severity Index ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Drought Severity Index

Spatial and temporal characteristics of wildfires in Mississippi, USA

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Grala ◽  
William H. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Palmer Drought Severity Index ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
The State ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Drought Severity ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Wildfire Occurrence ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Drought Severity Index

Forests constitute a large percentage of the total land area in Mississippi and are a vital element of the state economy. Although wildfire occurrences have been considerably reduced since the 1920s, there are still ~4000 wildfires each year in Mississippi burning over 24 000 ha (60 000 acres). This study focusses on recent history and various characteristics of Mississippi wildfires to provide better understanding of spatial and temporal characteristics of wildfires in the state. Geographic information systems and Mississippi Forestry Commission wildfire occurrence data were used to examine relationships between climatic and anthropogenic factors, the incidence, burned area, wildfire cause, and socioeconomic factors. The analysis indicated that wildfires are more frequent in southern Mississippi, in counties covered mostly by pine forest, and are most prominent in the winter–spring season. Proximity to roads and cities were two anthropogenic factors that had the most statistically significant correlation with wildfire occurrence and size. In addition, the validity of the Palmer Drought Severity Index as a measure of fire activity was tested for climatic districts in Mississippi. Analysis indicated that drought influences fire numbers and size during summer and fall (autumn). The strongest relationship between the Palmer Drought Severity Index and burned area was found for the southern climatic districts for the summer–fall season.

PROTESTANTISM AND PROGRESS IN THE YEAR XII: CHARLES VILLERS'SESSAY ON THE SPIRIT AND INFLUENCE OF LUTHER'S REFORMATION(1804)

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL PRINTY
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Social Struggle ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Broad Interest ◽  
The French Revolution

This article examines Charles Villers'sEssay on the Spirit and Influence of Luther's Reformation(1804) in its intellectual and historical context. Exiled from France after 1792, Villers intervened in important French and German debates about the relationship of religion, history, and philosophy. The article shows how he took up a German Protestant discussion on the meaning of the Reformation that had been underway from the 1770s through the end of the century, including efforts by Kantians to seize the mantle of Protestantism for themselves. Villers's essay capitalized on a broad interest in the question of Protestantism and its meaning for modern freedom around 1800. Revisiting the formation of the narrative of Protestantism and progress reveals that it was not a logical progression from Protestant theology or religion but rather part of a specific ideological and social struggle in the wake of the French Revolution and the collapse of the Old Regime.

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