The Serum Cholesterol In Mental Disorders

1930 ◽  
Vol 76 (313) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Glen Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
The Brain

In view of the fact that cholesterol is one of the principal constituents of nervous tissue and presumably plays an important part in the functioning of that tissue, it is surprising that comparatively little attention has been given to the study of the variations of the blood cholesterol in disorders of the brain and mind. Such researches as have been published do not appear to have been based, as a rule, on any extensive number of cases, and there is rarely any attempt to analyse the results according to the actual mental state of the patient, apart from the diagnosis. It is therefore not remarkable that the conclusions of different observers have been somewhat contradictory.

scholarly journals Speech Therapy Case Study of Patient Diagnosed with the Frontal Psychoorganic Syndrome

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Renata Gliwa
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Brain

The psychoorganic syndrome is a deviation in the mental state due to damage or dysfunction of the brain structures. It is associated with the occurrence of mental disorders manifested in the behavioral, socio-emotional, cognitive and therefore also communicative sphere. The article describes the case of a 68-year-old patient who was diagnosed with the psychoorganic syndrome. The changes observed in her relate to significant dysfunctions in the areas of competence, interaction, communication and language.

A Survey of Computational Methods for Online Mental State Assessment on Social Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Esteban A. Ríssola ◽  
David E. Losada ◽  
Fabio Crestani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
State Assessment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Linguistic Markers ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
Suicide Behaviour ◽  
Social Media Platforms

Mental state assessment by analysing user-generated content is a field that has recently attracted considerable attention. Today, many people are increasingly utilising online social media platforms to share their feelings and moods. This provides a unique opportunity for researchers and health practitioners to proactively identify linguistic markers or patterns that correlate with mental disorders such as depression, schizophrenia or suicide behaviour. This survey describes and reviews the approaches that have been proposed for mental state assessment and identification of disorders using online digital records. The presented studies are organised according to the assessment technology and the feature extraction process conducted. We also present a series of studies which explore different aspects of the language and behaviour of individuals suffering from mental disorders, and discuss various aspects related to the development of experimental frameworks. Furthermore, ethical considerations regarding the treatment of individuals’ data are outlined. The main contributions of this survey are a comprehensive analysis of the proposed approaches for online mental state assessment on social media, a structured categorisation of the methods according to their design principles, lessons learnt over the years and a discussion on possible avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Is mercury injected into the body for therapeutic purposes released into the spinal fluid?

1912 ◽  
Vol XIX (4) ◽  
pp. 803-813
Author(s):  
V. Lazarev
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculous Meningitis ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Fluid ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
Vascular Plexus ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Theoretical Side

Is mercury injected into the body excreted into the spinal fluid? This question occupied us with practical and theoretical points of view. On the practical side, we were interested in knowing how much we can count on the circulation of mercury in the spinal fluid and, therefore, on its direct action on the nervous tissue due to the communication of the perivascular (and pericellular) spaces with the sub-arachnoid. If mercury is released into the spinal fluid, it is necessary to search for the therapeutic effect (syphilis of the nervous system) of the drug that quickly and in large quantities passes into the spinal fluid. On the theoretical side, the issue of mercury release is of interest for solving the broader issue of the nature of spinal fluid in general. As is known, there is currently no agreement on this account. Is the spinal fluid transudate, the secretion of the vascular plexus epithelium or the sui generis lymph of the brain itself. In favor of the second1 views are inclined by Schultze, Imamura, Raubitschek, Molt, and others in favor of the last but Spina2 (also Lewandovsky and Blumenthal3. The first view is generally accepted. We thought that the saturation of blood with mercury, which happens with prolonged introduction of it into the body, should lead to the appearance of at least traces of it in the spinal fluid, if the latter is transudate. If the last secret, then apriori nothing can be predicted; extraction depends on the chemical and physical properties of the epithelium itself; the epithelium can secerne one substance and not pass another. The number of substances found so far in the spinal fluid when injected into the body is very limited. When the brain (and membranes) was normal, the substances introduced by the authors did not completely enter the spinal fluid. Widal, Monod4, Sicard was found in tuberculous meningitis iod when giving it during 2-3 days for 3-5 grams only in 3 cases. Guinon and Simon found only 1/2 cases of tuberculous meningitis; no iodine was found in cases of cerebrospinal meningitis. With uremia, Costaigne found iod and methylene blue. Sicard and Widal didnt find it. Gilbert and Castaigne found bile pigment in jaundice. Sicard denies. Archard Loeper5 did not find the lithium when it was injected into the blood. Regarding the fate of mercury introduced into the organism, there are no indications in the literature6.

Limitations Using Neuroimaging to Reconstruct Mental State After a Crime

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-701
Author(s):  
Michael J. Vitacco ◽  
Alynda M. Randolph ◽  
Rebecca J. Nelson Aguiar ◽  
Megan L. Porter Staats
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Insanity Defense ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Forensic Psychiatric ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractNeuroimaging offers great potential to clinicians and researchers for a host of mental and physical conditions. The use of imaging has been trumpeted for forensic psychiatric and psychological evaluations to allow greater insight into the relationship between the brain and behavior. The results of imaging certainly can be used to inform clinical diagnoses; however, there continue to be limitations in using neuroimaging for insanity cases due to limited scientific backing for how neuroimaging can inform retrospective evaluations of mental state. In making this case, this paper reviews the history of the insanity defense and explains how the use of neuroimaging is not an effective way of improving the reliability of insanity defense evaluations.

Сellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Proinflammatory Monocytes Participation in the Pathogenesis of Mental Disorders. Part 3

Psychiatry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
E. F. Vasilyeva ◽  
O. S. Brusov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Background: at present, the important role of the monocyte-macrophage link of immunity in the pathogenesis of mental diseases has been determined. In the first and second parts of our review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of activation of monocytes/macrophages, which secreting proinflammatory CD16 receptors, cytokines, chemokines and receptors to them, in the development of systemic immune inflammation in the pathogenesis of somatic diseases and mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder (BAD) and depression were analyzed. The association of high levels of proinflammatory activity of monocytes/macrophages in patients with mental disorders with somatic comorbidity, including immune system diseases, is shown. It is known that proinflammatory monocytes of peripheral blood, as a result of violation of the integrity of the hematoencephalic barrier can migrate to the central nervous system and activate the resident brain cells — microglia, causing its activation. Activation of microglia can lead to the development of neuroinammation and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and, as a result, to cognitive disorders. The aim of review: to analyze the results of the main scientific studies concerning the role of cellular and molecular mechanisms of peripheral blood monocytes interaction with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of mental disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Material and methods: keywords “mental disorders, AD, proinflammatory monocytes, microglia, neuroinflammation, cytokines, chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, platelets, microvesicles” were used to search for articles of domestic and foreign authors published over the past 30 years in the databases PubMed, eLibrary, Science Direct and EMBASE. Conclusion: this review analyzes the results of studies which show that monocytes/macrophages and microglia have similar gene expression profiles in schizophrenia, BAD, depression, and AD and also perform similar functions: phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. Monocytes recruited to the central nervous system stimulate the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), chemokines, for example, MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1) by microglial cells. This promotes the recruitment of microglial cells to the sites of neuronal damage, and also enhances the formation of the brain protein beta-amyloid (Aβ). The results of modern studies are presented, indicating that platelets are involved in systemic inflammatory reactions, where they interact with monocytes to form monocyte-platelet aggregates (MTA), which induce the activation of monocytes with a pro inflammatory phenotype. In the last decade, it has been established that activated platelets and other cells of the immune system, including monocytes, detached microvesicles (MV) from the membrane. It has been shown that MV are involved as messengers in the transport of biologically active lipids, cytokines, complement, and other molecules that can cause exacerbation of systemic inflammatory reactions. The presented review allows us to expand our knowledge about the cellular and molecular aspects of the interaction of monocytes/macrophages with microglial cells and platelets in the development of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in the pathogenesis of mental diseases and in AD, and also helps in the search for specific biomarkers of the clinical severity of mental disorder in patients and the prospects for their response to treatment.

Mental and behavioural disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 333-365
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Placebo Treatment ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Interventions ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Outcome ◽  
The Brain

In this chapter some mental disorders are described. For example, in depression, fluoxetine treatment and a placebo treatment affect similar brain regions. In anxiety, patients’ expectations play a crucial role, as covert (unexpected) administration of anti-anxiety drugs is less effective than overt (expected) administration. The disruption of prefrontal executive control in Alzheimer’s disease decreases the magnitude of placebo responses. In addition, expectations appear to be particularly important when associated with the effects of drugs of abuse. Placebo effects appear to be powerful in psychotherapy as well, and the brain areas involved in the psychotherapeutic outcome are different from those involved in the placebo effect. As clinical trials for psychotherapeutic interventions represent a major problem, new recommendations are presented.

Thoughts for the Future

2020 ◽  
pp. 497-508
Author(s):  
Richard McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Neuronal Cultures ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
The Future ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
The Brain

Several exciting lines of research have emerged from the study of animal models of mental disorders. This chapter presents seven opportunities for enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. They include improvements to the system for diagnosis of mental disorders, use of induced pluripotent stem cells from patients to generate neuronal cultures for in vitro determination of effective drug therapies for those individuals, use of data-mining techniques for understanding patient variability, a commitment to a greater focus on the prevention of mental disorders, innovative uses of smartphones to track patients and individuals at high risk of developing a mental disorder, and developing next-generation therapies and delivery systems that target a specific area of the brain rather than the entire brain. A common theme in these seven thoughts for the future is a commitment to bringing precision medicine tools to the treatment of patients with mental disorders.

scholarly journals Three years with a knife stuck in the brain

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 192-196
Author(s):  
Luiz Coutinho Dias Filho ◽  
Alex Caetano de Barros ◽  
Marina Félix da Mota
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Foreign Body ◽  
Postoperative Complications ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
First Case ◽  
Adjacent Structures ◽  
Knife Blade ◽  
The Brain

AbstractCranial stabbing injuries penetrating the brain are not commonly encountered. The cases in which the knife is retained constitute a challenge to the neurosurgeon. When a long-term permanence occurs, the reaction to the presence of the foreign body causes adherence to the nervous tissue and a higher risk is expected from the removal. The procedure should be performed with meticulous dissection and minimal oscillation of the blade thus avoiding damage to the adjacent structures. We report a case of a man who remained three years with a knife blade deeply lodged in the brain. After obtaining informed consent, the blade was removed; there were no postoperative complications. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which, after years of permanence, a knife blade was removed from the brain through a craniotomy.

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