scholarly journals Neuromodulation in 2035

Neurology ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Denison ◽  
Martha J. Morrell
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Material Science ◽  
The United States ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
Economic Considerations

Neuromodulation devices are approved in the United States for the treatment of movement disorders, epilepsy, pain, and depression, and are used off-label for other neurologic indications. By 2035, advances in our understanding of neuroanatomical networks and in the mechanism of action of stimulation, coupled with developments in material science, miniaturization, energy storage, and delivery, will expand the use of neuromodulation devices. Neuromodulation approaches are flexible and modifiable. Stimulation can be targeted to a dysfunctional brain focus, region, or network, and can be delivered as a single treatment, continuously, according to a duty cycle, or in response to physiologic changes. Programming can be titrated and modified based on the clinical response or a physiologic biomarker. In addition to keeping pace with clinical and technological developments, neurologists in 2035 will need to navigate complex ethical and economic considerations to ensure access to neuromodulation technology for a rapidly expanding population of patients. This article provides an overview of systems in use today and those that are anticipated and highlights the opportunities and challenges for the future, some of which are technical, but most of which will be addressed by learning about brain networks, and from rapidly growing experience with neuromodulation devices.

scholarly journals Increasing off-label use of antipsychotic medications in the United States, 1995-2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Alexander ◽  
S. A. Gallagher ◽  
A. Mascola ◽  
R. M. Moloney ◽  
R. S. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Off Label Use ◽  
Antipsychotic Medications ◽  
Off Label ◽  
Label Use

Ethylene: A Witchweed Seed Germination Stimulant

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Eplee
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Striga Asiatica ◽  
Heavy Clay

Ethylene gas (C2H4) was found to stimulate the germination of witchweed [Striga asiatica(L.) O. Kuntze] seeds. Ethylene diffuses greater than 120 cm horizontally from point of injection and more than 90 cm below the soil surface. Rates of 0.42 kg/ha induced germination of witchweed seeds in sandy soil; but 1.1 kg/ha is required on a heavy clay soil. Witchweed seeds respond to ethylene after a period of preconditioning that is necessary to break dormancy. Under field conditions in the Carolinas, maximum response of seeds to ethylene occurs between late April and late July. Field studies indicate a 90% reduction in viable witchweed seeds occurs where a single treatment with ethylene has been applied. The use of ethylene appears now to be a major contributor toward the eventual eradication of witchweed from the United States.

The programming of differentiation and its control by juvenile hormone in saturniids

Development ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Judith H. Willis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Juvenile Hormone ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Preliminary Stage ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Pupal Cuticle

Although considerable progress has been made with the chemistry of juvenile hormone (Dahm, Roeller & Trost, 1968), studies on its mechanism of action in immature insects are still in a preliminary stage. Much of the recent work has been interpreted as showing an effect of juvenile hormone on the morphogenetic program through which an insect passes in the course of its ontogeny (Williams, 1961). It is the purpose of this paper to describe three studies which illustrate the complex nature of this developmental program in saturniid moths. Materials and Methods The saturniids (Antheraea polyphemus, Samia cynthia and Hyalophora cecropia) used in the present study were reared or purchased from dealers in the United States and England. Staging of animals was carried out by examining the state of the epidermis and the differentiation of adult structures through the pupal cuticle as described by Schneiderman & Williams (1954).

Economic Considerations in Access to Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriyana P. Reddy ◽  
Peter W. Groeneveld ◽  
Jay Giri ◽  
Alexander C. Fanaroff ◽  
Ashwin S. Nathan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Aortic Stenosis ◽  
Aortic Valve Replacement ◽  
Valve Replacement ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Socioeconomically Disadvantaged ◽  
Transcatheter Aortic Valve ◽  
Economic Considerations

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has revolutionized the treatment of aortic stenosis, with the number of procedures and sites offering the procedure steadily rising over the past decade in the United States. Despite this, growth into certain markets has been limited as hospitals have to balance high TAVR costs with the ability to offer a complete array of state-of-the-art therapies for aortic stenosis. This trade-off often results in decreased access to TAVR services by patients cared for in hospitals that cannot afford these services or have difficulty meeting procedural requirements, recruiting skilled physicians, and initiating and then maintaining a functioning TAVR program. The lack of access is more common among patients of color or those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged. The purpose of this review is to describe the hospital-level economic considerations of TAVR in the United States and the resulting effects on geographic, racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic access for Americans.

Baseload power potential from optimally-configured wind, solar and storage power plants across the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D Rhodes ◽  
Aditya Choukulkar ◽  
Brianna Cote ◽  
Sarah A McKee ◽  
Christopher T M Clack
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Optimal Technology ◽  
Current Price ◽  
The Cost

Abstract In the present paper, we assessed the potential for local wind, solar PV, and energy storage to provide baseload (constant, uninterrupted) power in every county of the contiguous United States. The amount of available capacity between 2020 and 2050 was determined via a least-cost optimization model that took into account changing costs of constituent technologies and local meteorological conditions. We found that, by 2050, the potential exists for about 6.8 TW of renewable baseload power at an average cost of approximately $50 / MWh, which is competitive with current wholesale market rates for electricity. The optimal technology configurations constructed always resulted in over two hours of emergency energy reserves, with the amount increasing as the price of energy storage falls. We also found that, given current price decline trajectories, the model has a tendency to select more solar capacity than wind over time. A second part of the study performed three million simulations followed by a regression analysis to generate an online map-based tool that allows users to change input costs assumptions and compute the cost of renewable baseload electricity in every contiguous US county.

Invasive Asian Carps in North America

2011 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asian Carp ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
State Regulations ◽  
Asian Carps ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Vast Network

<em>Abstract</em>.—Regulations are one of the few tools available in the aquatic invasive species (AIS) management toolbox. In a perfect world, they could be used to effectively prevent spread of AIS from watershed to watershed or from continent to continent. But the regulations needed to prevent invasions by species such as Asian carps in North America and the United States are slow to evolve and used reluctantly by federal authorities because they are heavily influenced by regional and national political and economic considerations. State regulations, on the other hand, suffer from the influence of their own local and regional political and economic issues. Some states maintain strict policies and regulations with regard to Asian carp possession and use, but neighboring states may not. And since 48 of the 50 U.S. states are connected by a vast network of rivers, waterways, streams and roadways, invasions continue to occur and to spread. Consequently, Asian carp management in the United States is largely controlled by “least common denominator” state regulation that applies in a given watershed and beyond. This paper presents an overview of Asian carp regulations in the 50 U.S. states and offers suggestions for improved regulations.

Historical Perspective of Technoethics in Education

2009 ◽  
pp. 651-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. José Cortez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Schooling ◽  
Good Citizenship ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Professional Teaching

Fundamental democratic principles and values that guide our social relationships have been important concerns in the evolution of this nation’s system of formal public schooling. With its increased use and reliance on advanced technologies, education faces some fundamental challenges that have potentially far-reaching implications for educational institutions, professional teaching strategies and practices, and student learning. This chapter explores the topic of technoethics as an applied field of ethics and research, viewed from a historical perspective of education in the United States and its embrace of technology. The underlying intent is to inform the readers’ understanding of the basic concepts of common good, citizenship, and democratic values that are the underlying precepts associated with the history of public schooling in the United States. Additionally, the author discusses the increasingly critical need for educators to address the social and ethical dilemmas associated with new technological developments and their application to educational settings.

The Light Observation Helicopter Programme of the United States Army

1964 ◽  
Vol 68 (648) ◽  
pp. 819-827
Author(s):  
Charles C. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Army ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Requirement ◽  
Operational Requirement ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Development Concept ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryThe United States Army is now engaged in the selection of a Light Observation Helicopter (commonly referred to as the LOH) from three competing designs. It is estimated that large quantities will be procured to fulfil an operational requirement during the 1966-1975 time period. The paper describes the overall programme by examining the basic requirement and the development concept. In addition, a description of the actual hardware being developed is given and some economic considerations of the modernisation of the observation fleet are discussed.

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