Studies on an embryonic lethal hybrid in Drosophila

Development ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 405-423
Author(s):  
Janice D. Kinsey
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Genetic Mechanism ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Embryonic Lethal ◽  
Female Hybrid ◽  
Drosophila Montana ◽  
Lethal Hybrid ◽  
Nucleocytoplasmic Interactions

The problems of nucleocytoplasmic interactions are of central importance in development and genetics. Studies of such interactions may help elucidate the mechanisms of differentiation of cells receiving the same genetic complement. One approach to a study of nucleocytoplasmic interactions is by examination of the development of interspecific hybrids, particularly those in which either syngamy fails to occur, or an abnormal development is produced. These studies describe a lethal hybrid which occurs between Drosophila montana and D. texana. In 1944, Patterson & Griffen described a genetic mechanism which acts in the hybrid females produced by crossing D. montana females to D. texana males. In this cross, only male offspring were produced, so that there appeared to be some incompatibility between the D. montana ooplasm and the D. texana X-chromosome which acted to kill the female hybrid embryos before hatching.

scholarly journals Paternal Transmission of X-Linked Placental Dysplasia in Mouse Interspecific Hybrids

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 1399-1405
Author(s):  
Ulrich Zechner ◽  
Matthias Reule ◽  
Paul S Burgoyne ◽  
Alexis Schubert ◽  
Annie Orth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Interspecific Hybrid ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Chromosomal Location ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Paternal Transmission ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Site Of Action

It has previously been shown that abnormal placental development, i.e., hyper- and hypoplasia, occurs in crosses and backcrosses between different mouse (Mus) species. These defects are caused mainly by abnormal growth of the spongiotrophoblast. The precise genetic basis for these placental malformations has not been determined. However, a locus that contributes to the abnormal development (Ihpd: interspecific hybrid placental dysplasia) has been mapped to the X chromosome. The X-chromosomal location of Ihpd and its site of action, that is the spongiotrophoblast, mean that normally only the maternally inherited Ihpd locus is active even in female fetuses. However, by making use of the X-chromosomal inversion In(X)1H, we have produced interspecific hybrid Xp0, in which the active X chromosome was inherited from Mus macedonicus males. In contrast to XX female and XY male conceptuses from this cross, which have hypoplastic placentas, the Xp0 female conceptuses have hyperplastic placentas. This finding supports the view that it is expression of the M. macedonicus Ihpd locus in the spongiotrophoblast that leads to hyperplasia due to an abnormal interaction with M. musculus autosomal loci.

scholarly journals Genetic and Developmental Analysis of X-Inactivation in Interspecific Hybrid Mice Suggests a Role for the Y Chromosome in Placental Dysplasia

Genetics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 157 (1) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
Myriam Hemberger ◽  
Haymo Kurz ◽  
Annie Orth ◽  
Sabine Otto ◽  
Angela Lüttges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
X Inactivation ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Congenic Lines ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hybrid Mice

Abstract It has been shown previously that abnormal placental growth, i.e., hyper- and hypoplasia, occurs in crosses and backcrosses between different mouse (Mus) species. A locus that contributes to this abnormal development has been mapped to the X chromosome. Unexpectedly, an influence of fetal sex on placental development has been observed, in that placentas attached to male fetuses tended to exhibit a more pronounced phenotype than placentas attached to females. Here, we have analyzed this sex dependence in more detail. Our results show that differences between male and female placental weights are characteristic of interspecific matings and are not observed in intraspecific Mus musculus matings. The effect is retained in congenic lines that contain differing lengths of M. spretus-derived X chromosome. Expression of the X-linked gene Pgk1 from the maternal allele only and lack of overall activity of two paternally inherited X-linked transgenes indicate that reactivation or lack of inactivation of the paternal X chromosome in trophoblasts of interspecific hybrids is not a frequent occurrence. Thus, the difference between male and female placentas seems not to be caused by faulty preferential X-inactivation. Therefore, these data suggest that the sex difference of placental weights in interspecific hybrids is caused by interactions with the Y chromosome.

scholarly journals ‘Exceptional sons’ from Drosophila melanogaster mothers carrying a balancer X chromosome

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Hutter
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Interspecific Crosses ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Female Hybrid ◽  
Mitotic Event ◽  
Meiotic Event ◽  
Third Instar Larvae

SummaryThis study reports on exceptional males which are obtained by using Drosophila melanogaster mothers carrying the balancers In(l)FM6 or In(l)FM7 as one of their X chromosomes. The phenomenon was first observed in interspecific crosses between D. melanogaster females and males of its closest relatives which normally produce unisexual female hybrid progeny. Whereas hybrid sons from these crosses die as third instar larvae, the presence of the particular X balancers in the mother allows a low percentage of sons to survive. Similar sterile males are also observed among non- hybrid flies. Data are presented which suggest that the males thus generated could be hyperploid for part of their X chromosome as a result of a meiotic event in their mothers or else they could start life as female zygotes and change sex through a mitotic event at an early stage.

scholarly journals Unbalanced X chromosome mosaicism in B cells of mice with X-linked immunodeficiency.

1983 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 920-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
M H Nahm ◽  
J W Paslay ◽  
J M Davie
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Chromosomal Genes

The immunodeficiency in CBA/N mice is reflected by abnormal development of a subset of B lymphocytes. However, it is not clear how xid, the mutant gene in CBA/N mice, affects the development of this subset. Specifically, it is not known if the xid gene influences the development of the B cell subset directly or indirectly by providing the improper developmental milieu through effects on other cells. We investigated this question using female mice heterozygous for two x chromosomal genes, xid and Pgk-1 (phosphoglycerate kinase-1). Since females are mosaic because of x chromosome inactivation, their lymphocytes can be studied for the choice of the x chromosome, using the two PGK-1 isoenzymes as the cytological marker. We find that B lymphocytes in the spleen prefer the x chromosome without xid while the remaining splenocytes and cells from other tissues do not. This suggests that xid affects B lymphocytes directly and not through their developmental milieu. Furthermore, our data suggest that the precursors for IgG1- and IgG3-producing cells may be both few and different.

scholarly journals Parental imprinting on the mouse X chromosome: effects on the early development of X0, XXY and XXX embryos

1993 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Tada ◽  
Nobuo Takagi ◽  
Ilse-Dore Adler
Keyword(s):  
X Chromosome ◽  
Cytogenetic Study ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Mouse Embryogenesis ◽  
Linked Gene ◽  
Parental Imprinting ◽  
Early Mouse ◽  
The One ◽  
Chromosome Imprinting

SummaryTo examine the effects of X-chromosome imprinting during early mouse embryogenesis, we attempted to produce XM0, Xp0, XMXMY, XMXPY and XMXMXP (where XM and Xp stand for the maternally and the paternally derived X chromosome, respectively) making use of mouse strains bearing the translocation Rb(X.2)2Ad and the inversion In(X)1H. Unlike XMXPY embryos, XMXMY and XMXMXP conceptuses suffered from severe growth retardation or abnormal development characterized by deficient extra-embryonic structures at 6.5–7.5 days post coitum (dpc). A cytogenetic study suggested that two XM chromosomes remaining active in certain non-epiblast cells were responsible for the serious developmental abnormality found in these embryos disomic for XM. Although matings involving females heterozygous for Rb(X.2)2Ad hinted at the paucity of XP0 embryos relative to those having the complementary karyotype of XMXMXP, further study of embryos from matings between females heterozygous for In(X)1H and Rb2Ad males did not substantiate this observation. Thus, the extensive peri-implantation loss of XP0 embryos shown by Hunt (1991) may be confined to XO mothers. Taken together, this study failed to reveal a parentally imprinted X-linked gene essential for early mouse embryogenesis other than the one most probably corresponding to the X-chromosome inactivation centre.

Development of interspecific hybrids of Mus

Development ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-243
Author(s):  
John D. West ◽  
William I. Frels ◽  
Virginia E. Papaioannou ◽  
James P. Karr ◽  
Verne M. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
X Chromosome Inactivation ◽  
Chromosome Inactivation ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Further Development

Artificial insemination has been used to produce interspecific mouse hybrids. Mus musculus × Mus cervicolor cervicolor hybrids failed to complete more than a few cleavage divisions but both M. musculus × M. dunni and M. musculus × M. caroli hybrids completed preimplantation development. These hybrid embryos are heterozygous for various X-linked enzymes and may provide a useful genetic system for studying X-chromosome inactivation during early development. Further development of M. musculus × M. caroli hybrids was studied: several completed foetal development; a few survived to maturity but none has yet reproduced.

Observations on the chromosomes and reproductive systems of four macropodine interspecific hybrids (Marsupialia : Macropodidae)

1979 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Smith ◽  
DL Hayman ◽  
RM Hope
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Left Ovary ◽  
Parent Species ◽  
Reproductive Systems ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Biological Studies ◽  
Female Hybrid ◽  
Potential Use

Four interspecific hybrids (male parent first), Macropus robustus X M. rufus (a female), Wallabia bicolor X M. rufogriseus (a male), M. agilis X M. rufogriseus (a male) and M. eugenii X M. dorsalis (a male), have been verified by their chromosome number and morphology. In the hybrid W. bicolor X M. rufogriseus mosaicism occurred in the lymphocytes for the number of Y chromosomes present. The pelage and skull of each hybrid showed some characteristics of each of the parent species. All hybrids were sterile. The male hybrids had scrotal testes with abundant tubules but no spermatogenesis. The female hybrid lacked the left ovary and had an otherwise complete reproductive system. The potential use of the hybrids involving M. rufogriseus for cell biological studies is discussed.

scholarly journals Aegilops × Secale hybrids: the production and cytology of diploid hybrids

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Majisu ◽  
J. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Genetic Mechanism ◽  
Genetic Incompatibility ◽  
Homologous Chromosomes ◽  
Homoeologous Chromosomes

SUMMARYHybrids between four diploid species of Aegilops and species of Secale were obtained by using embryo culture. There was a marked incompatibility in the crosses between Secale species and each of the four species in Section Sitopsis of Aegilops and Ae. mutica. It is suggested that this genetic incompatibility with Secale species is an additional similarity between these species of Aegilops and the diploid species of Triticum.Most chromosomes of Aegilops (A) and Secale (S) are univalent during meta-anaphase of meiosis in these hybrids, but some appeared to associate and others to pair as apparently normal chiasmate bivalents. Analysis of non-chiasmate and chiasmate associations showed that the frequencies of autosyndetic (AA and SS) and allosyndetic (AS) associations fitted the 3AA: 7AS: 3SS ratio expected if association and pairing is at random. Any deviations from random involved a deficiency rather than an excess of Aegilops-Secale pairing. There is no evidence that the chromosomes of Secale are homologous with those of Ae. caudata, Ae. comosa and Ae. umbel-lulata, and it is suggested that the genome of Secale species does not show any homology with the genomes of the genera Aegilops. This does not preclude the presence of homologous segments. It is suggested that the possibility of random association of chromosomes should be considered when occasional pairing in interspecific hybrids is analysed, and that identification of chromosomes and recognition of chiasmata are required. The possibilities of chiasmata between non-homologous chromosomes, of a genetic mechanism in rye which suppresses the pairing of homoeologous chromosomes, and of other factors causing asynapsis and pseudo-synapsis between genetically similar chromosomes are discussed.

Hybrid lethal systems in the Drosophila melanogaster species complex. I. The maternal hybrid rescue (mhr) gene of Drosophila simulans.

Genetics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sawamura ◽  
T Taira ◽  
T K Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Complex I ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Reciprocal Cross ◽  
Drosophila Simulans ◽  
Hybrid Male ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Embryonic Lethal ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Lethal Hybrid

Abstract Hybrid females from Drosophila simulans females x Drosophila melanogaster males die as embryos while hybrid males from the reciprocal cross die as late larvae. The other two classes are sterile adults. Letting C, X, and Y designate egg cytoplasm, X, and Y chromosomes, respectively, and subscripts m and s stand for melanogaster and simulans, CmXmYs males are lethal in the larval stage and are rescued by the previously reported genes, Lhr (Lethal hybrid rescue) in simulans or Hmr (Hybrid male rescue) in melanogaster. We report here another rescue gene located on the second chromosome of simulans, mhr (maternal hybrid rescue) that, when present in the mother, rescues CsXmXs females from embryonic lethality. It has been postulated that the hybrids not carrying the Xs like CmXmYs males are larval lethal and that the hybrids carrying both the Cs and the Xm like CsXmXs females are embryonic lethal. According to these postulates CsXmYs males (obtained by mating attached-X simulans females to melanogaster males) should be doubly lethal, at both embryo and larval stages. When both rescuing genes are present, Hmr in the father and mhr in the mother, males of this genotype are fully viable, as predicted.

scholarly journals Nucleolar dominance and replicative dominance in Drosophila interspecific hybrids.

Genetics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-358
Author(s):  
C Goodrich-Young ◽  
H M Krider
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
X Chromosome ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer Region ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Nucleolar Dominance ◽  
Nucleolus Organizer Regions ◽  
Chromosome Formation

Abstract The replication of the rDNA complement of only one nucleolus organizer region during polytene chromosome formation (replicative dominance) was initially observed in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we demonstrate replicative dominance in Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster/D. simulans interspecific hybrids. A second nucleolar phenomenon, nucleolar dominance, is observed in the diploid tissue of interspecific hybrids. In this case only one of two nucleolus organizer regions forms a nucleolus. However, reorganizations of the X chromosome heterochromatin which eliminate nucleolar dominance have no apparent effect on the expression of replicative dominance. These observations lead us to conclude that nucleolar dominance and replicative dominance are operationally separable functions influencing the rDNAs, and may be determined by differing regulatory events.

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