Aflatoxicosis in dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
Nicola Bates
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Liver Necrosis ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Bile Duct Proliferation ◽  
Dog Food ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Failure Prognosis

Aflatoxins are toxic, naturally occurring bisfuranocoumarin compounds produced by certain strains of the moulds Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius. Aflatoxin metabolites cause hepatotoxicity by reacting with macromolecules (including DNA and proteins) to cause fatty liver or liver necrosis. Most cases involve dog food or, less commonly, ingestion of mouldy bread. Periodic outbreaks are reported in dogs, most recently at the end of 2020 to early 2021 in the US. Multiple dogs may be involved in incidents and the dogs usually present with gastrointestinal signs, lethargy, melaena and jaundice. Diagnosis is based on a history of possible ingestion and laboratory confirmation of aflatoxin(s) in suspect material. In the liver the typical histological changes are centrilobular necrosis of the liver and bile duct proliferation. Treatment of aflatoxicosis in dogs in supportive, with management of liver failure. Prognosis depends on the severity of liver damage, but mortality rates in dogs with aflatoxicosis are high.

scholarly journals Trends of Inpatient Venous Thromboembolism in United States before and after Surgeon General's Call to Action

Blood ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 128 (22) ◽  
pp. 1177-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathan Dilipbhai Mehta ◽  
Smit Patel ◽  
Keyur Patel ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Rahul Atul Parikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Joinpoint Regression ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
Surgeon General ◽  
Joinpoint Regression Analysis ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of

Abstract Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States (US). The increasing rates of VTE in the US lead the surgeon general to issue a call to action to reduce VTE in 2008. After 2008, several organizations have instituted guidelines for VTE prophylaxis especially in patients admitted to hospitals. However, it is unknown if the rates of VTE in hospitalized patients have changed or not after 2008. The objective of our study was to estimate the national trends of inpatient VTE in the US from 2004 to 2013 (5 years before and after 2008). Methods:We used the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) which represents a 20% stratified random sample of discharges from all hospitals, excluding rehabilitation and long-term acute care hospitals. NIS contains approximately unweighted 7 million discharges and weighted 35 million discharges nationally every year. Trend weights were used to generate the national estimates. VTE was defined by ICD9 codes 451 - 453 (DVT) and 415.1 (PE). Annual rates of inpatient VTE were calculated from 2004 to 2013 by patient characteristics (age, sex, and race), hospital type, insurance type, patients with cancer, major operative room procedure or trauma, previous VTE, history of thrombophilia, mobility status and high-risk VTE subgroups. A high-risk VTE patient was defined by Padua score 4 or more than 4. SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) was used to calculate the rates of VTE. Joinpoint regression was used to identify change in direction and magnitude of trend. Joinpoint regression uses the grid search method to detect points at which significant changes in the direction and magnitude of the trend of dependent variable (VTE rates) with reference to the independent variable (calendar year) occur, under the assumption of constant variance and uncorrelated errors. Results:From 2004 to 2013, the NIS contained data on 78 million hospitalizations (Weighted N=385 million). Among these hospitalized patients, 1.6 million had a diagnosis of VTE (2.0%, weighted N=7.7 million) including 588,878 with PE (0.74%, weighted N=2.8 million) and 1.2 million with DVT (1.53%, weighted N=5.9 million). Joinpoint regression analysis showed that rates of DVT were increasing consistently from 1.27% in 2004 to 1.80% in 2013 with no significant change in the direction and magnitude. Similarly, rates of PE were also consistently increasing from 0.52% in 2004 to 0.92% in 2013. The subgroup analysis showed that the rates of VTE including DVT and PE continued to increase either without any change in magnitude or marginal drop in magnitude for most of the subgroups. The exceptions were 15-24yrs of age, other payment methods, other races, major operative procedures (OR), patients with a history of thrombophilia, major OR and trauma patients subgroups in which the rates of PE have started to decrease in recent years (p<0.01). Among patients with DVT categorized according to 75-84yrs of age, 85 and more than 85yrs of age, urban non-teaching hospital, Medicare primary payer, male sex, patients with high risk VTE (Padua score >=4), patients with history of thrombophilia, major OR procedure and trauma subgroups had decreased rates of DVT in recent years (p<0.01). The percent of patients with high risk of VTE (Padua score >=4) was 15.0% and they contributed to 34.1% of VTE events. In patients with VTE, the overall mortality rate was higher in high-risk VTE group compared to low-risk group (8.9% vs. 3.39%, p<0.01). The Joinpoint regression analysis showed that mortality rates are decreasing consistently from 10.58% in 2004 to 8.19% in 2013 in high-risk VTE patients. Similarly, mortality rates are also consistently decreasing from 4.25% in 2004 to 3.65% in 2013 in low-risk VTE patients. Conclusions: VTE rate in patients admitted to the hospitals in the US continues to rise even after 5 years from call to action by the surgeon general. The results of this study show that, in spite of these initiatives, VTE rates continue to rise except in certain high-risk population. Less than half of VTE events occur in patients perceived to be at high risk of VTE. More efforts are needed in order to curb the epidemic of VTE in the US. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Migration and Modernities

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Geographic Boundaries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Migration and Modernities recovers a comparative literary history of migration by bringing together scholars from the US and Europe to explore the connections between migrant experiences and the uneven emergence of modernity. The collection initiates transnational, transcultural and interdisciplinary conversations about migration in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, demonstrating how mobility unsettles the geographic boundaries, temporal periodization, and racial categories we often use to organize literary and historical study. Migrants are by definition liminal, and many have existed historically in the spaces between nations, regions or ethnicities. In exploring these spaces, Migration and Modernities also investigates the origins of current debates about belonging, rights, and citizenship. Its chapters traverse the globe, revealing the experiences — real or imagined — of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century migrants, from dispossessed Native Americans to soldiers in South America, Turkish refugees to Scottish settlers. They explore the aesthetic and rhetorical frameworks used to represent migrant experiences during a time when imperial expansion and technological developments made the fortunes of some migrants and made exiles out of others. These frameworks continue to influence the narratives we tell ourselves about migration today and were crucial in producing a distinctively modern subjectivity in which mobility and rootlessness have become normative.

From Competition to Cooperation: A History of Canada–US National Park Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence Young ◽  
Alan MacEachern ◽  
Lary Dilsaver
Keyword(s):  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
The Relationship

This essay explores the evolving international relationship of the two national park agencies that in 1968 began to offer joint training classes for protected-area managers from around the world. Within the British settler societies that dominated nineteenth century park-making, the United States’ National Park Service (NPS) and Canada’s National Parks Branch were the most closely linked and most frequently cooperative. Contrary to campfire myths and nationalist narratives, however, the relationship was not a one-way flow of information and motivation from the US to Canada. Indeed, the latter boasted a park bureaucracy before the NPS was established. The relationship of the two nations’ park leaders in the half century leading up to 1968 demonstrates the complexity of defining the influences on park management and its diffusion from one country to another.

Functioning of Ukrainian Bureau in Washington D. C. (March 1939 – May 1940)

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
Danylo Kravets
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Degrees ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
General Functioning ◽  
History Of ◽  
Governmental Institutions ◽  
History Of Journalism ◽  
The Military

The aim of the Ukrainian Bureau in Washington was propaganda of Ukrainian question among US government and American publicity in general. Functioning of the Bureau is not represented non in Ukrainian neither in foreign historiographies, so that’s why the main goal of presented paper is to investigate its activity. The research is based on personal papers of Ukrainian diaspora representatives (O. Granovskyi, E. Skotzko, E. Onatskyi) and articles from American and Ukrainian newspapers. The second mass immigration of Ukrainians to the US (1914‒1930s) has often been called the «military» immigration and what it lacked in numbers, it made up in quality. Most immigrants were educated, some with college degrees. The founder of the Ukrainian Bureau Eugene Skotzko was born near Western Ukrainian town of Zoloczhiv and immigrated to the United States in late 1920s after graduating from Lviv Polytechnic University. In New York he began to collaborate with OUN member O. Senyk-Hrabivskyi who gave E. Skotzko task to create informational bureau for propaganda of Ukrainian case. On March 23 1939 the Bureau was founded in Washington D. C. E. Skotzko was an editor of its Informational Bulletins. The Bureau biggest problem was lack of financial support. It was the main reason why it stopped functioning in May 1940. During 14 months of functioning Ukrainian Bureau in Washington posted dozens of informational bulletins and send it to hundreds of addressees; E. Skotzko, as a director, personally wrote to American governmental institutions and foreign diplomats informing about Ukrainian problem in Europe. Ukrainian Bureau activity is an inspiring example for those who care for informational policy of modern Ukraine.Keywords: Ukrainian small encyclopedia, Yevhen Onatsky, journalism, worldview, Ukrainian state. Keywords: Ukrainian Bureau in Washington, Eugene Skotzko, public opinion, history of journalism, diaspora.

Epidemics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race Ethnicity

This book challenges a dominant hypothesis in the study of epidemics. From an interdisciplinary array of scholars, a consensus has emerged: invariably, epidemics in past times provoked class hatred, blame of the ‘other’, or victimization of the diseases’ victims. It is also claimed that when diseases were mysterious, without cures or preventive measures, they more readily provoked ‘sinister connotations’. The evidence for these assumptions, however, comes from a handful of examples—the Black Death, the Great Pox at the end of the sixteenth century, cholera riots of the 1830s, and AIDS, centred almost exclusively on the US experience. By investigating thousands of descriptions of epidemics, reaching back before the fifth-century BCE Plague of Athens to the eruption of Ebola in 2014, this study traces epidemics’ socio-psychological consequences across time and discovers a radically different picture. First, scholars, especially post-AIDS, have missed a fundamental aspect of the history of epidemics: their remarkable power to unify societies across class, race, ethnicity, and religion, spurring self-sacrifice and compassion. Second, hatred and violence cannot be relegated to a time when diseases were mysterious, before the ‘laboratory revolution’ of the late nineteenth century: in fact, modernity was the great incubator of a disease–hate nexus. Third, even with diseases that have tended to provoke hatred, such as smallpox, poliomyelitis, plague, and cholera, blaming ‘the other’ or victimizing disease bearers has been rare. Instead, the history of epidemics and their socio-psychological consequences has been richer and more varied than scholars and public intellectuals have heretofore allowed.

Consensus by Schooling and Power: The Indoctrination of the Elites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louçã Francisco ◽  
Ash Michael
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Chicago School ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hearts And Minds

Chapter 7 describes the origins of the Chicago School and its successful projection into the hearts and minds of the global ruling class. Working chronologically, there is a description of how this program took root in Chicago and how some of its central figures, Friedman and Harberger, undertook a hemispheric campaign to capture both academic and government institutions. A history of the deregulation movement in the US and case studies of Mexico, Chile, Argentina, and Brazil highlight the breadth and depth of the campaign. The chapter closes in Europe where the neoliberal insurgency faced more-developed social states. Its success varied in Britain, France, and Germany.

The Dilemma between Aligned Expectations and Diversity in Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timur Ergen
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Case ◽  
History Of Capitalism ◽  
Synthetic Fuel ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Technology Policies ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Innovation Processes

This chapter brings together arguments from economics, sociology, and political economy to show that innovation processes are characterized by a dilemma between the advantages of aligned expectations—including greater coordination and investment—and those of diversity, including superior openness to new technological possibilities. To illustrate the argument, the chapter discusses a historical case involving one of the largest coordinated peace-time attempts to hasten technological innovation in the history of capitalism, namely the US energy technology policies of the 1970s and 1980s. Close examination of the commercialization of photovoltaics and synthetic fuel initiatives illustrates both sides of the dilemma between shared versus diverse expectations in innovation: coordination but possible premature lock-in on the one hand, and openness but possible stagnation on the other. The chapter shows that even the exploration and interpretation of new technologies may be as much a product of focused investment as of trial-and-error search.

The Great Influenza

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel K. Cohn, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
East Coast ◽  
World History ◽  
Collective Violence ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Surgeon General ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines evidence principally from the US that the Great Influenza provoked profiteering by landlords, undertakers, vendors of fruit, pharmacists, and doctors, but shows that such complaints were rare and confined mostly to large cities on the East Coast. It then investigates anti-social advice and repressive decrees on the part of municipalities, backed by advice from the US Surgeon General and prominent physicians attacking ‘spitters, coughers, and sneezers’, which included state and municipal ordinances against kissing and even ‘big talkers’. It then surveys legislation on compulsory and recommended mask wearing. Yet this chapter finds no protest or collective violence against the diseased victims or any other ‘others’ suspected of disseminating the virus. Despite physicians’ and lawmakers’ encouragement of anti-social behaviour, mass volunteerism and abnegation instead unfolded to an extent never before witnessed in the world history of disease.

The Historiography of Environmental History

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Environmental History ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the emergence of environmental history, which developed in the context of the environmental concerns that began in the 1960s with worries about local industrial pollution, but which has since evolved into a full-scale global crisis of climate change. Environmental history is ‘the history of the relationship between human societies and the rest of nature’. It includes three chief areas of inquiry: the study of material environmental history, political and policy-related environmental history, and a form of environmental history which concerns what humans have thought, believed, written, and more rarely, painted, sculpted, sung, or danced that deals with the relationship between society and nature. Since 1980, environmental history has come to flourish in many corners of the world, and scholars everywhere have found models, approaches, and perspectives rather different from those developed for the US context.

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