scholarly journals Seed dressing with mefenpyr-diethyl as a safener for mesosulfuron-methyl application in wheat: The evaluation and mechanisms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256884
Author(s):  
Libing Yuan ◽  
Guangyuan Ma ◽  
Yaling Geng ◽  
Xiaomin Liu ◽  
Hua Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Aegilops Tauschii ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Seed Dressing ◽  
Activity Enhancement ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Weed Resistance

Mesosulfuron-methyl is always applied by foliar spraying in combination with the safener mefenpyr-diethyl to avoid phytotoxicity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. However, it was observed that the tolerance of Tausch’s goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) to mesosulfuron-methyl significantly increased in the presence of mefenpyr-diethyl by performing bioassay. This confirmed phenomenon may lead to overuse of mesosulfuron-methyl and weed resistance evolution in field conditions. Therefore, we tested the effect of wheat seed dressing with mefenpyr-diethyl as a possible alternative and disclosed the underlying mechanisms by herbicide dissipation study, enzymatic analysis and transcriptome profiling. The results suggest that increase of ALS activity, enhancement of metabolic processes, and other stress responses are crucial for the regulation of herbicide detoxification induced by mefenpyr-diethyl. Additionally, transcription factors such as AP2/ERF-ERF, bHLH, NAC, and MYB, and protein kinase such as RLK-Pelle_DLSV might play vital regulatory roles. The current study has important implications for mesosulfuron-methyl application in wheat field to control Tausch’s goatgrass and provides a comprehensive understanding of the protective effect of mefenpyr-diethyl.

scholarly journals Heparan Sulfate Deficiency in Cartilage: Enhanced BMP-Sensitivity, Proteoglycan Production and an Anti-Apoptotic Expression Signature after Loading

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3726
Author(s):  
Matthias Gerstner ◽  
Ann-Christine Severmann ◽  
Safak Chasan ◽  
Andrea Vortkamp ◽  
Wiltrud Richter
Keyword(s):  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Unconfined Compression ◽  
Expression Signature ◽  
Hypomorphic Allele ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Engineered Cartilage

Osteoarthritis (OA) represents one major cause of disability worldwide still evading efficient pharmacological or cellular therapies. Severe degeneration of extracellular cartilage matrix precedes the loss of mobility and disabling pain perception in affected joints. Recent studies showed that a reduced heparan sulfate (HS) content protects cartilage from degradation in OA-animal models of joint destabilization but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. We aimed to clarify whether low HS-content alters the mechano-response of chondrocytes and to uncover pathways relevant for HS-related chondro-protection in response to loading. Tissue-engineered cartilage with HS-deficiency was generated from rib chondrocytes of mice carrying a hypomorphic allele of Exostosin 1 (Ext1), one of the main HS-synthesizing enzymes, and wildtype (WT) littermate controls. Engineered cartilage matured for 2 weeks was exposed to cyclic unconfined compression in a bioreactor. The molecular loading response was determined by transcriptome profiling, bioinformatic data processing, and qPCR. HS-deficient chondrocytes expressed 3–6% of WT Ext1-mRNA levels. Both groups similarly raised Sox9, Col2a1, and Acan levels during maturation. However, HS-deficient chondrocytes synthesized and deposited 50% more GAG/DNA. TGFβ and FGF2-sensitivity of Ext1gt/gt chondrocytes was similar to WT cells but their response to BMP-stimulation was enhanced. Loading induced similar activation of mechano-sensitive ERK and P38-signaling in WT and HS-reduced chondrocytes. Transcriptome analysis reflected regulation of cell migration as major load-induced biological process with similar stimulation of common (Fosl1, Itgα5, Timp1, and Ngf) as well as novel mechano-regulated genes (Inhba and Dhrs9). Remarkably, only Ext1-hypomorphic cartilage responded to loading by an expression signature of negative regulation of apoptosis with pro-apoptotic Bnip3 being selectively down-regulated. HS-deficiency enhanced BMP-sensitivity, GAG-production and fostered an anti-apoptotic expression signature after loading, all of which may protect cartilage from load-induced erosion.

scholarly journals Overexpression of SgGH3.1 from Fine-Stem Stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis var. intermedia) Enhances Chilling and Cold Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1367
Author(s):  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Long-Long Ma ◽  
Huai-An Huang ◽  
Shan-Wen Ke ◽  
Chun-Sheng Gui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Cold Tolerant ◽  
Whole Transcriptome ◽  
Altered Sensitivity ◽  
Exogenous Iaa

Stylosanthes (stylo) species are commercially significant tropical and subtropical forage and pasture legumes that are vulnerable to chilling and frost. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms behind stylos’ responses to low temperature stress. Gretchen-Hagen 3 (GH3) proteins have been extensively investigated in many plant species for their roles in auxin homeostasis and abiotic stress responses, but none have been reported in stylos. SgGH3.1, a cold-responsive gene identified in a whole transcriptome profiling study of fine-stem stylo (S. guianensis var. intermedia) was further investigated for its involvement in cold stress tolerance. SgGH3.1 shared a high percentage of identity with 14 leguminous GH3 proteins, ranging from 79% to 93%. Phylogenetic analysis classified SgGH3.1 into Group Ⅱ of GH3 family, which have been proven to involve with auxins conjugation. Expression profiling revealed that SgGH3.1 responded rapidly to cold stress in stylo leaves. Overexpression of SgGH3.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana altered sensitivity to exogenous IAA, up-regulated transcription of AtCBF1-3 genes, activated physiological responses against cold stress, and enhanced chilling and cold tolerances. This is the first report of a GH3 gene in stylos, which not only validated its function in IAA homeostasis and cold responses, but also gave insight into breeding of cold-tolerant stylos.

Transcriptome Profiling ofClematis apiifolia: Insights into Heat-Stress Responses

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 938-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lulu Gao ◽  
Yuzhu Ma ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Shu'an Wang ◽  
Rutong Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling

scholarly journals A comprehensive analysis of cotton VQ gene superfamily reveals their potential and extensive roles in regulating cotton abiotic stress

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxun Yu ◽  
Pengyun Chen ◽  
Fei wei ◽  
Shuaishuai Cheng ◽  
Liang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Salt And Drought Stress ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Peg Stress ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Background Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif-containing proteins play important roles in plant growth, development and abiotic stress response. For many plant species, the VQ genes have been identified and their functions have been described. However, little is known about the origin, evolution, and functions (and underlying mechanisms) of the VQ family genes in cotton. Results In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the characteristics of 268 VQ genes from four Gossypium genomes and found that the VQ proteins evolved into ten clades, and each clade had a similar structural and conservative motif. The expansion of the VQ gene was mainly through segmental duplication, followed by dispersal. Expression analysis revealed that the VQ genes play important roles in response to salt and drought stress, especially GhVQ18 and GhVQ84 were significantly high expression in PEG stress and salt stress. Further analysis showed that GhVQ genes were co-expressed with GhWRKY transcription factors (TFs), and microRNAs (miRNAs) could hybridize to their cis-regulatory elements. Conclusions The results in this study broaden our understanding of the VQ gene family in plants, and the analysis of the structure, conserved elements, and expression patterns of the VQ genes provide a solid foundation for exploring their specific functions in the abiotic stress responses in cotton. Our study provides significant insight into the potential functions of VQ genes in cotton.

scholarly journals Deciphering Epitranscriptome: Modification of mRNA Bases Provides a New Perspective for Post-transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Kumar ◽  
Trilochan Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Messenger Rnas ◽  
Base Level ◽  
Base Modifications ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Gene regulation depends on dynamic and reversibly modifiable biological and chemical information in the epigenome/epitranscriptome. Accumulating evidence suggests that messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are generated in flashing bursts in the cells in a precisely regulated manner. However, the different aspects of the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Cellular RNAs are post-transcriptionally modified at the base level, which alters the metabolism of mRNA. The current understanding of epitranscriptome in the animal system is far ahead of that in plants. The accumulating evidence indicates that the epitranscriptomic changes play vital roles in developmental processes and stress responses. Besides being non-genetically encoded, they can be of reversible nature and involved in fine-tuning the expression of gene. However, different aspects of base modifications in mRNAs are far from adequate to assign the molecular basis/functions to the epitranscriptomic changes. Advances in the chemogenetic RNA-labeling and high-throughput next-generation sequencing techniques are enabling functional analysis of the epitranscriptomic modifications to reveal their roles in mRNA biology. Mapping of the common mRNA modifications, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), and 5-methylcytidine (m5C), have enabled the identification of other types of modifications, such as N1-methyladenosine. Methylation of bases in a transcript dynamically regulates the processing, cellular export, translation, and stability of the mRNA; thereby influence the important biological and physiological processes. Here, we summarize the findings in the field of mRNA base modifications with special emphasis on m6A, m5C, and their roles in growth, development, and stress tolerance, which provide a new perspective for the regulation of gene expression through post-transcriptional modification. This review also addresses some of the scientific and technical issues in epitranscriptomic study, put forward the viewpoints to resolve the issues, and discusses the future perspectives of the research in this area.

Transcriptome Characterization of Panax Quinquefolius L. seedlings in Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi using RNA-seq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifang Ran ◽  
Xiaotong Yang ◽  
Yongqing Zhang ◽  
Jie Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Panax Quinquefolius ◽  
Rna Seq

Abstract Panax quinquefolius L. has been considered as an important traditional Chinese medicine with a history of more than 300 years in China. Ginsenoside is the main bioactive component. Our research group has found that the accumulation of ginsenoside could be affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However the underlying mechanism how AMF affected the biosynthesis of ginsenoside in P. quinquefolius is still unclear. In this study, the RNA-seq analysis was used to evaluate the effects of AMF (Rhizophagus intraradices, R. intraradices) on the expression of ginsenoside synthesis related genes in P. quinquefolius root. The results indicated that a symbiotic relationship between R. intraradices and P. quinquefolius was established. RNA-seq achieved approximately 48.62 G reads of all samples. Assembly of all the reads involved in all samples produced 63420 transcripts and 24137 unigenes. Differential expression analysis was performed between the control and AMF group. A total of 111 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to AMF vs control were identified, 78 and 33 transcripts were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Based on the functional analysis, Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that most DEGs were related to stress responses and cellular metabolic processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis identified transduction, plant hormone signal transduction and terpenoids and polyketides biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, the expression of glycolysis-related genes and ginsenoside synthesis related genes was largely induced by AMF. In conclusion, our results comprehensively elucidated the molecular mechanism how AMF affected the biosynthesis of ginsenoside in P.quinquefolius by transcriptome profiling.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Enzyme-Nanostructure Biocatalysts with Enhanced Activity

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Jing An ◽  
Galong Li ◽  
Yifan Zhang ◽  
Tingbin Zhang ◽  
Xiaoli Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ion ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Future Design ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Fundamental Research ◽  
Activity Enhancement ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Metal Ion Activation ◽  
Insight Into

Owing to their unique physicochemical properties and comparable size to biomacromolecules, functional nanostructures have served as powerful supports to construct enzyme-nanostructure biocatalysts (nanobiocatalysts). Of particular importance, recent years have witnessed the development of novel nanobiocatalysts with remarkably increased enzyme activities. This review provides a comprehensive description of recent advances in the field of nanobiocatalysts, with systematic elaboration of the underlying mechanisms of activity enhancement, including metal ion activation, electron transfer, morphology effects, mass transfer limitations, and conformation changes. The nanobiocatalysts highlighted here are expected to provide an insight into enzyme–nanostructure interaction, and provide a guideline for future design of high-efficiency nanobiocatalysts in both fundamental research and practical applications.

scholarly journals Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace: A Vicious Cycle

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen P. Jones ◽  
Dave F. Arena ◽  
Christine L. Nittrouer ◽  
Natalya M. Alonso ◽  
Alex P. Lindsey
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Vicious Cycle ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Organizational Functioning ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
Subtle Discrimination ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Categorical Framework ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Organizational Scholarship

Due to rising pressure to appear egalitarian, subtle discrimination pervades today's workplace. Although its ambiguous nature may make it seem innocuous on the surface, an abundance of empirical evidence suggests subtle discrimination undermines employee and organizational functioning, perhaps even more so than its overt counterpart. In the following article, we argue for a multidimensional and continuous, rather than categorical, framework for discrimination. In doing so, we propose that there exist several related but distinct continuums on which instances of discrimination vary, including subtlety, formality, and intentionality. Next, we argue for organizational scholarship to migrate toward a more developmental, dynamic perspective of subtle discrimination in order to build a more comprehensive understanding of its antecedents, underlying mechanisms, and outcomes. We further contend that everyone plays a part in the process of subtle discrimination at work and, as a result, bears some responsibility in addressing and remediating it. We conclude with a brief overview of research on subtle discrimination in the workplace from each of four stakeholder perspectives—targets, perpetrators, bystanders, and allies—and review promising strategies that can be implemented by each of these stakeholders to remediate subtle discrimination in the workplace.

scholarly journals Proximal recolonization by self-renewing microglia reestablishes microglial homeostasis in the adult mouse brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Zhan ◽  
Grietje Krabbe ◽  
Fei Du ◽  
Ian Jones ◽  
Meredith C. Reichert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Mouse ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Adult Mouse Brain ◽  
Cellular Origin ◽  
Neonatal Stage ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Intrinsic Capacity ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Key Events

AbstractMicroglia are resident immune cells that play critical roles in maintaining normal physiology of the central nervous system. Remarkably, microglia have intrinsic capacity to replenish after being acutely ablated. However, the underlying mechanisms that drive such microglial restoration remain elusive. Here, we removed microglia via CSF1R inhibitor PLX5622 and characterized repopulation both spatially and temporally. We also investigated the cellular origin of repopulated microglia and report that microglia are replenished via self-renewal, with little contribution from non-microglial lineage progenitors, including nestin+ progenitors and the circulating myeloid population. Interestingly, spatial analyses with multi-color labeling reveal that newborn microglia recolonize the parenchyma by forming distinctive clusters that maintain stable territorial boundaries over time, indicating proximal expansion nature of adult microgliogenesis and stability of microglia tiling. Temporal transcriptome profiling from newborn microglia at different repopulation stages revealed that the adult newborn microglia gradually regain steady-state maturity from an immature state that is reminiscent of neonatal stage and follow a series of maturation programs that include NF-κB activation, interferon immune activation and apoptosis, etc. Importantly, we show that the restoration of microglial homeostatic density requires NF-κB signaling as well as apoptotic egress of excessive cells. In summary, our study reports key events that take place from microgliogenesis to homeostasis re-establishment.

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