scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING THE TALL OIL BY LIGNIGN PHASE THERMAL EFFICIEN-CY AND EVALUATING THE CONFORMITY OF ITS QUALITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF STANDARD-SETTING DOCUMENTS

2017 ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Анатолий (Аnatolij) Андреевич (Аndreevich) Глуханов (Glukhanov) ◽  
Сергей (Sergej) Иванович (Ivanovich) Третьяков (Tretyakov)
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Optimal Regime ◽  
Tall Oil ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Heat Treatment Mode ◽  
Different Temperatures

The main problem of industrial methods of production of tall oil is significant losses of the finished product with the waste of production – the lignin phase. It is a stable emulsion of the oil-in-water type, stabilized by lignin. Traditional ways to reduce the loss of tall oil by destroying the lignin phase are associated with a number of difficulties and in industrial practice are almost not currently used. In the present work, in order to increase the yield of tall oil when it is separated from the sulphate soap, a method for breaking the emulsion by heat treatment is proposed. The effect of the heat treatment temperature on the yield of tall oil from the lignin phase was studied. Optimum in relation to the yield of tall oil from the lignin phase is the temperature-time mode of heat treatment. It is shown that, under the optimal regime, the loss of tall oil with waste is reduced by 80%. Based on the results of the studies, a variant of the mechanism of changes occurring with components of the lignin phase during heat treatment is proposed. The composition of the components of the product after heat treatment at different temperatures has been studied. The values of the quality indicators of the obtained tall oil were established and their compliance with the requirements of the standard-setting documents in force in the territory of Russia was assessed. It was noted that all the parameters of the oil obtained during heat treatment correspond to the values established in the normative documents at the processing temperature from 100 to 140 °С. Based on the results of work, the heat treatment mode optimized for yield and quality of tall oil is proposed.

scholarly journals Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on Martensitic Transformation and Superelasticity of the Ti49Ni51 Shape Memory Alloy

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peiyou Li ◽  
Yongshan Wang ◽  
Fanying Meng ◽  
Le Cao ◽  
Zhirong He
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Martensitic Transformation ◽  
Shape Memory Alloy ◽  
Shape Memory ◽  
Thermal Hysteresis ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Tini Phase ◽  
Rapidly Solidified

The martensitic transformation and superelasticity of Ti49Ni51 shape memory alloy heat-treatment at different temperatures were investigated. The experimental results show that the microstructures of as-cast and heat-treated (723 K) Ni-rich Ti49Ni51 samples prepared by rapidly-solidified technology are composed of B2 TiNi phase, and Ti3Ni4 and Ti2Ni phases; the microstructures of heat-treated Ti49Ni51 samples at 773 and 823 K are composed of B2 TiNi phase, and of B2 TiNi and Ti2Ni phases, respectively. The martensitic transformation of as-cast Ti49Ni51 alloy is three-stage, A→R→M1 and R→M2 transformation during cooling, and two-stage, M→R→A transformation during heating. The transformations of the heat-treated Ti49Ni51 samples at 723 and 823 K are the A↔R↔M/A↔M transformation during cooling/heating, respectively. For the heat-treated alloy at 773 K, the transformations are the A→R/M→R→A during cooling/heating, respectively. For the heat-treated alloy at 773 K, only a small thermal hysteresis is suitable for sensor devices. The stable σmax values of 723 and 773 K heat-treated samples with a large Wd value exhibit high safety in application. The 773 and 823 K heat-treated samples have large stable strain–energy densities, and are a good superelastic alloy. The experimental data obtained provide a valuable reference for the industrial application of rapidly-solidified casting and heat-treated Ti49Ni51 alloy.

Structural and Photoluminescent Properties of Li-Doped ZnO Film Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique

2010 ◽  
Vol 663-665 ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Fei Cheng ◽  
Sheng Tao Li ◽  
Han Chen Liu ◽  
Li Xun Song ◽  
Bin Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Zno Films ◽  
Zno Film ◽  
Substitutional Defect ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Abnormal Phenomenon ◽  
Doped Zno ◽  
Li Content

The effect of an impurity as a donor or an acceptor in ZnO film is determined by its distribution in ZnO lattice. In this paper the distribution of Li is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL). It is found that Li-doped ZnO films own different dependence on heat treatment temperature by contrast with pure ZnO films. For Li-doped ZnO films, although the crystallinity is promoted after heat treatment at 500oC, it is impeded effectively after heat treatment at 600oC. The abnormal phenomenon implies that Li preferential inhabits at Zn-sublattice to form a substitutional defect as an acceptor unless Li content exceeds its solubility in Zn-sublattice. The change of the PL spectra of pure ZnO films after heat treatment at different temperatures reveals that the PL peak at 650nm origins from interstitial defects. Moreover, with the increase of Li content, the intensity of the peak at 650nm decreases firstly and then increases again. This interesting changing trend further reveals that superfluous Li will enter into the octahedral interspaces as donors. As a conclusion it is proposed that it is difficult to obtain high conductive p-ZnO by monodoping of Li.

Investigation on the Influence of Precipitated Phase on Corrosion Resistance of the Ni-Based Alloys

2012 ◽  
Vol 184-185 ◽  
pp. 1038-1043
Author(s):  
Xue Hui Zhao ◽  
Zhen Quan Bai ◽  
Yao Rong Feng ◽  
An Qing Fu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Aging Treatment ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Metallographic Observation ◽  
Precipitated Phases

The influence of precipitated phases in Ni-based alloys during solid solution aging treatment on the performance of Ni-based alloys was investigated by means of metallographic observation, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The variation of microstructure and resultant phases as a result of solid solution aging treatment at different temperatures was discussed. The results show that the heat treatment temperature has significant influences on the type as well as quantity of precipitation phases. Lots of phases precipitated at grain boundaries, the distribution of precipitated phases are characterized by mesh-like structure. The corrosion tests results indicate that there is a potential difference between grains and grain boundaries due to the precipitation of chrome carbide at grain boundaries, resulting in pitting corrosion occurred preferentially at grain boundaries, consequently, the corrosion resistance of Ni-based alloys is reduced. In order to enhance the corrosion resistance of Ni-based alloys, it is expected to control the carbon content in a lower range and proper heat treatment process to avoid large amount precipitation of chrome carbide.

scholarly journals Grain Refinement and Improved Mechanical Properties of EUROFER97 by Thermo-Mechanical Treatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 10598
Author(s):  
Giulia Stornelli ◽  
Andrea Di Schino ◽  
Silvia Mancini ◽  
Roberto Montanari ◽  
Claudio Testani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Heat Treatments ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Experimental Campaign ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Fusion Applications ◽  
Cold Rolled

EUROFER97 steel plates for nuclear fusion applications are usually manufactured by hot rolling and subsequent heat treatments: (1) austenitization at 980 °C for 30 min, (2) rapid cooling and (3) tempering at 760 °C for 90 min. An extended experimental campaign was carried out with the scope of improving the strength of the steel without a loss of ductility. Forty groups of samples were prepared by combining cold rolling with five cold reduction ratios (20, 40, 50, 60 and 80%) and heat treatments at eight different temperatures in the range 400–750 °C (steps of 50 °C). This work reports preliminary results regarding the microstructure and mechanical properties of all the cold-rolled samples and the effects of heat treatments on the samples deformed with the greater CR ratio (80%). The strength of deformed samples decreased as heat treatment temperature increased and the change was more pronounced in the samples cold-rolled with greater CR ratios. After heat treatments at temperature up to 600 °C yield stress (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of samples deformed with CR ratio of 80% were significantly larger than those of standard EUROFER97 but ductility was lower. On the contrary, the treatment at 650 °C produced a fully recrystallized structure with sub-micrometric grains which guarantees higher strength and comparable ductility. The work demonstrated that EUROFER97 steel can be strengthened without compromising its ductility; the most effective process parameters will be identified by completing the analyses on all the prepared samples.

Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature on the Spinning Structure and Properties of a Cu–Sn Alloy

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Jinli Liu ◽  
Wenyuan Zheng ◽  
Huiqin Yin
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Recrystallization Temperature ◽  
Boundary Orientation ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Alloy Microstructure ◽  
Electron Back Scattered Diffraction

AbstractA thin-walled copper (Cu)–tin (Sn) alloy cylinder was treated after spinning at 200–400°C for 0.5 h. The characteristics of the alloy microstructure under different temperatures were analyzed through electron back-scattered diffraction. The results were as follows. The grain size at 200–300°C decreases as the heat treatment temperature rises, but the grain size at 400°C increases. At 200–300°C, the microstructure primarily consists of deformed grains. It is found that the main reason for the formation of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) is static recrystallization. For the grain boundary orientation differential, the low-angle sub-grain boundary gradually grows into the HAGB, and multiple annealing twin Σ9 boundaries appear. Grain orientation is generally random at any temperature range. The mechanical property test indicated that, at the upper critical recrystallization temperature of 300°C, the elongation of the Cu–Sn alloy gradually increases, and its yield strength and ultimate tensile strength rapidly decrease.

scholarly journals Influence of Different Heat Treatment Temperatures on the Microstructure, Corrosion, and Mechanical Properties Behavior of Fe-Based Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Coatings

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 858
Author(s):  
Shenglin Liu ◽  
Yongsheng Zhu ◽  
Xinyue Lai ◽  
Xueping Zheng ◽  
Runnan Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystalline Phases ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Sprayed Coating

Fe-based amorphous/nanocrystalline coatings with smooth, compact interior structure and low porosity were fabricated via supersonic plasma spraying (SPS). The coatings showed outstanding corrosion resistance in a 3.5% NaCl solution at room temperature. In order to analyze the effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure, corrosion resistance and microhardness, the as-sprayed coating was annealed for 1 h under different temperatures such as 350, 450, 550 and 650 °C, respectively. The results showed that the number of oxides and cracks in the coatings presented an obvious increase with increasing annealing temperature, and the corrosion resistance of the coatings showed an obvious reduction. However, the microhardness of coatings showed an important increase. The microhardness of the coating could reach 1018 HV when the heat treatment temperature reached 650 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that there appeared a number of crystalline phases in the coating when the heat treatment temperature was at 650 °C. The crystalline phases led to the increase of the microhardness.

Comparative Study on the Properties of CuCoBe Alloy and CuNiCoBe Alloy

2014 ◽  
Vol 988 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Jian Chen ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Huan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solid Solution ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Solution Treatment Temperature ◽  
Solid Solution Treatment ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Melting Technique ◽  
Different Temperatures

CuNiCoBe alloy and CuCoBe alloy were cast by the vacuum inductive melting technique, and were heat treated under certain parameters. By using optical microscope, sclerometer and conductivity meter, the properties of two alloys were investigated after heat treatment. Experimental results show that the process of 980 °C for solid solution and three hours of aging at 450 °C is the best heat treatment for CuCoBe alloy, while 960 °C is the best solid solution treatment temperature for CuNiCoBe alloy with the same aging measures. Ni is beneficial to improve the hardness and conductivity of alloys, and CuNiCoBe alloy has better strength, hardness and conductivity than CuCoBe alloy at different temperatures, and two alloys all have a conductivity mutation increase near 450 °C. CuNiCoBe alloy and CuCoBe alloy soften respectively at 464 °C and 471 °C.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF COMMERCIAL THERMAL TREATMENT ON Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex Maiden WOOD PROPERTIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Aparecida Barros Oliveira ◽  
Karina Aparecida de Oliveira ◽  
Julio Cesar Molina ◽  
Vinicius Borges de Moura Aquino ◽  
André Luis Christoforo
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Thermal Treatment ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Different Temperatures

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the influence of commercial thermal treatment on Eucalyptus grandis considering its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. The wood samples were heat-treated in an autoclave with saturated steam and pressure application at four different temperatures: 155, 165, 175, and 185 ºC. The physical, chemical, and mechanical properties were altered due to the heat treatment. The extractives content varied between 6.06% and 28.75%; lignin between 28.93% and 37.96%; holocellulose between 65.01% and 38.12%. The mechanical properties reduced significantly with the increase of the heat treatment temperature. Through the set of data obtained, it was possible to generate significant and high precision regression models capable of estimating such properties for heat treatment temperatures not studied experimentally, enabling the determination of the most suitable temperature of heat treatment to achieve a certain property value of the treated wood.

Preparation and Properties of SiC Fibers Containing Yttrium and Aluminum

2008 ◽  
Vol 368-372 ◽  
pp. 827-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Xiang Yang ◽  
Yong Cai Song
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Dispersion Strengthening ◽  
Sic Fibers ◽  
Different Temperatures

SiC fibers containing Y and Al were prepared by sintering the amorphous KD-Y fibers at different temperatures from 1200 to 1800 °C. The tensile strength of fibers increases when the sintering temperature increases from 1200 to 1400 °C due to the dispersion strengthening of β-SiC microcrystal and decreases to the lowest point when being sintered at 1600 °C, then rose again with the further increase of temperature to 1800 °C. The tensile strength reached to 2.15 GPa. The oxygen content of KD-Y fibers determined the properties of the sintered SiC fibers and sintering process. Through chemical vapor curing (CVC), the oxygen content was controlled below 7.0 wt% and the tensile strength of KD-Y fibers reached to 3.08 GPa. Further-more, the sintering process of KD-Y fibers was discussed and the grain size of β-SiC grew up with the heat treatment temperature.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure of TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Refluxing in Basic Solution

2008 ◽  
Vol 368-372 ◽  
pp. 800-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Ying Zhang ◽  
Fan Ping Xiao ◽  
Luo Yi Wu ◽  
Cheng Yong Li ◽  
Zhen Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Basic Solution ◽  
Tio2 Powder ◽  
Gel Method ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Amorphous Tio2 ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Titania Nanofibers

Using tetrabutyltitanate as titanium source, amorphous TiO2 powder was firstly prepared by a sol–miniemulsion–gel method. Prepared powder was refluxed in basic solution and then calcined at different temperatures to synthesize titania nanofibers. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, TG–DSC, FT–IR and TEM. The results show that when the heat–treatment temperature increases, crystallization of the titania nanofibers occurs with two Ti–OH bonds dehydrate, meanwhile morphology of the fibers is gradually obvious and ratio of length to diameter decreases. When the temperature was raised above 550 °C, titania nanofibers were sintered.

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