Heartwood detection for Scotch pine by fluorescence image analysis

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 877-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jukka Antikainen ◽  
Tapani Hirvonen ◽  
Jussi Kinnunen ◽  
Markku Hauta-Kasari
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Water ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Scotch Pine ◽  
X Ray ◽  
On Line ◽  
Infrared Cameras

Abstract Heartwood detection for Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) is possible via several different methods, such as X-ray and infrared cameras. X-ray systems are often very expensive and need huge modifications of sawmill equipment for implementation. Infrared cameras are more affordable but can only be applied for fresh samples with high water content. This article describes a novel imaging method for heartwood detection for Scotch pine, which is based on the fluorescence information emitted of pinosylvin type stilbene and its monomethyl ether. Fluorescence imaging is a low-cost method for measuring heartwood content in real time on an industrial line. The method is applicable for fresh and dried samples. This paper will show the results of fluorescence matrices of Scotch pine. Measurements were made with a bispectrometer system to obtain suitable wavelengths for the excitation and detection of fluorescence. A reliable measuring system is described, which is suited for on-line measurements on an industrial line. An algorithm will also be presented, which is useful for quantification of heartwood and sapwood.

scholarly journals Microwave sensors for detection of wild animals during pasture mowing

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Patrovsky ◽  
E. M. Biebl
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Laboratory Setup

Abstract. More than 400000 wild animals are killed or severely injured every year during spring time pasture mowing. Conventional methods for detection and removal or expulsion of animals before mowing are either inefficient or very time-consuming. The first really working method is based on a pyro-detector which senses the temperature contrast between the animals body and the surrounding pasture. Unfortunately, the detection reliability of this sensor decreases with increasing ambient temperature and strong sunlight, i.e. for typical weather conditions, when pasture is mowed, especially around noon. In this paper, a detector is presented that exhibits complementary behaviour. It works best during dry conditions (i.e. around noon), but has a tendency to false alarms when dew is present (i.e. morning and evening). The sensor is based on a commercial, low-cost Doppler module at 24GHz. It senses the difference of radar cross section between the animals body (high water content, specular reflection) and the pasture (low water content, diffuse reflection). The signal is analysed by means of a non-linear Wigner time-frequency transformation. Experimental results are presented for a laboratory setup as well as for measurement in actual spring-time pasture. The results prove that a microwave sensor is capable of reliably detecting animals of the size of a fawn even if it is covered by a layer of pasture.

Different water removal methods for facilitating biodiesel production from low-cost waste cooking oil containing high water content in hybridized reactive distillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 1906-1918
Author(s):  
Nattawat Petchsoongsakul ◽  
Kanokwan Ngaosuwan ◽  
Worapon Kiatkittipong ◽  
Doonyapong Wongsawaeng ◽  
Suttichai Assabumrungrat
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Reactive Distillation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Water ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Water Removal ◽  
Cooking Oil

scholarly journals Dual detection X-ray fluorescence cryotomography and mapping on the model organism Daphnia magna

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. De Samber ◽  
S. Vanblaere ◽  
R. Evens ◽  
K. De Schamphelaere ◽  
G. Wellenreuther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
High Water ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Dual Detector

Micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) is a rapidly evolving analytical technique which allows visualising the trace level metal distributions within a specimen in an essentially nondestructive manner. At second generation synchrotron radiation sources, detection limits at the sub-parts per million level can be obtained with micrometer resolution, while at third generation sources the spatial resolution can be better than 100 nm. Consequently, the analysis of metals within biological systems using micro- and nano-X-ray fluorescence imaging is a quickly developing field of research. Since X-ray fluorescence is a scanning technique, the elemental distribution within the sample should not change during analysis. Biological samples pose challenges in this context due to their high water content. A dehydration procedure is commonly used for sample preparation enabling an analysis of the sample under ambient temperature conditions. Unfortunately, a potential change in elemental redistribution during the sample preparation is difficult to verify experimentally and therefore cannot be excluded completely. Creating a cryogenic sample environment allowing an analysis of the sample under cryogenic condition is an attractive alternative but not available on a routine basis. In this article, we make a comparison between the elemental distributions obtained by micro-SR-XRF within a chemically fixed and a cryogenically frozen Daphnia magna, a model organism to study the environmental impact of metals. In what follows, we explore the potential of a dual detector setup for investigating a full ecotoxicological experiment. Next to conventional 2D analysis, dual detector X-ray fluorescence cryotomography is illustrated and the potential of its coupling with laboratory absorption micro-CT for investigating the tissue-specific elemental distributions within this model organism is highlighted.

Experiment Study on One Dimensional Vertical Soil Pole Seeper Infiltration of Unsaturated Clayey Sand

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 3785-3789
Author(s):  
Qiang Qiang Miao ◽  
Zheng Han Chen ◽  
Qing Qing Zhu ◽  
Zhi Hua Yao ◽  
Jun Hao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
High Water ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Experiment Study ◽  
Time Pass ◽  
Clayey Sand ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Water Head ◽  
The Relationship

Measuring system of soil moisture and water bedload LGD-Ⅲ was used in those tests . Infiltration law of one dimensional vertical soil poles were carried out profound studies,under different density and a constant water head . At the same time,the course of wetness front along with time pass away, infiltration law along with time pass away and different high water content along with time pass away were made a comprehensive studies , under different dry density. According to a great deal of test data, the relationship between wetness front and time was given to a function under different dry density.

scholarly journals Water and Air Relations in Propagation Substrates

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 2024-2030
Author(s):  
Erin J. Yafuso ◽  
Paul R. Fisher ◽  
Ana C. Bohórquez ◽  
James E. Altland
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
High Water ◽  
Column Height ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Air Content ◽  
Column Method ◽  
Container Capacity

Greenhouse propagation of unrooted plant cuttings is characterized by short container cell height and high irrigation frequency. These conditions can result in high moisture level and low air content in soilless container substrates (“substrates”), causing delayed growth of adventitious roots and favoring root disease. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare substrate water and air relations for three propagation substrates (peat, rockwool, and phenolic foam) that varied widely in physical characteristics using four methods: 1) evaporation method with a tensiometer, 2) frozen column method, 3) gravimetric analysis, and 4) X-ray computed tomography (CT) analysis. Moisture retention curves based on evaporation (1) and the frozen column (2) resulted in differences for peat, but similar curves for rockwool and foam. The frozen column method was simple and low cost, but was constrained by column height for peat, which had a higher water potential compared with the other two substrates. Substrate porosity analysis at container capacity by gravimetric or CT methods were similar for volumetric water and air content (VWC and VAC) in rockwool and foam, but differed for peat for VWC and VAC. Gravimetric analysis was simple, rapid, and low cost for whole-cell analysis, but CT further quantified spatial water and air relations within the cell and allowed visualization of complex water and air relations in an image. All substrates had high water content at container capacity ranging from 67% to 91% VWC with 5% to 11% VAC in the short propagation cells, emphasizing the need for careful irrigation management.

An Online Visual Inspection System for Oil-Seal Dimension

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 3548-3552
Author(s):  
Zhang Liang Wu ◽  
Chang Ku Sun ◽  
Jie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Inspection System ◽  
Image Processing Algorithm ◽  
Vision Inspection ◽  
Computer Image Processing ◽  
On Line ◽  
Machine Vision Inspection

Adoption of machine vision inspection and computer image processing technology, an oil-seal dimension measuring system was developed to meet the requirement of online production and real time inspection. The makeup and principle of the system were introduced, as well as its working process and design requirements were described on detailed. The technique of quadratic filtering for image preprocessing combined with the principle of three points determining a circle, point Hough transform and the least squares was employed for image processing algorithm, and high precision sub-pixel edge detection was achieved. The measuring results of experiments demonstrated that the inspection goal on 100 percents of products could be realized successfully, and with many advantages such as non-contact, on-line, real time, appropriate precision and low cost, the system can be applied widely in other production fields.

Low-Yielding Wells Automatic Metering System

2014 ◽  
Vol 953-954 ◽  
pp. 1467-1470
Author(s):  
Guang Fu Li
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Automatic Measurement ◽  
High Water ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Oil Wells ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Improve Measurement

When oil field entered into the high water content period, liquid production capacity of oil wells had large fluctuation and poor regularity, which leaded to the error of human reading and bottom water density in the measurement process, the difficulty of measuring oil wells is gradually increasing. Therefore, the measurement of low producing well has aroused extensive attention. How to research and establish a suitable measuring device for low producing well, improve measurement accuracy and management level of intermittent oil wells has become a serious problem in oil production. Using automatic oil measuring system can improve the accuracy of measurement, which achieved the automatic measurement for the fluid and gas production and moisture content of oil wells.

Characterization of carbides in iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 434-435
Author(s):  
Mehul D. Shroff ◽  
Dinesh S. Kalakkad ◽  
Nancy B. Jackson ◽  
Mark S. Harrington ◽  
Allen G. Sault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Carbide Phase ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Water ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Water Gas

The Fischer - Tropsch synthesis (FTS) for the production of synthetic hydrocarbons from the indirect liquefaction of coal has tremendous potential as an alternative to petroleum - based fuels. The use of iron catalysts is desirable due to their low cost, easy availability, good FTS activity and high water - gas shift activity thus enabling use with low H2 / CO ratios. However, problems relating to attrition and deactivation need to be addressed. In addition, there has been a controversy in the literature regarding the role of the carbide phase and the identity of the active catalytic phase. The main reason for the existence of this debate has been the use of different characterization techniques. Our results with a commercial, precipitated and spray-dried, Fe2O3 - CuO - K2O Fischer-Tropsch catalyst point to the fact that conventional techniques like X - ray Diffraction (XRD), X - ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) which have been traditionally used to characterize these catalysts (1,2) are not very successful in detecting the existence of the carbide phase, which generally forms as 20 - 30 nm crystallites on the surface of the micron - sized magnetite crystals.

scholarly journals Analysis of a method for measuring deposit impedance parameters using charge amplifier and lock-in voltmeter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Robert Wiśniewski
Keyword(s):  
Accurate Method ◽  
High Water ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
High Water Content ◽  
Charge Amplifier ◽  
Impedance Characteristics ◽  
Phase Sensitive ◽  
Impedance Parameters ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Lock In

Parameters such as capacitance and conductivity are measured to describe the properties of a medium, including its moisture content. These methods do not deliver highly accurate results in materials that are characterized by low homogeneity, varied porosity, high conductivity and high water content. This study proposes a more accurate method for estimating the parameters of any medium. In the experimental setup, a charge amplifier and a phase-sensitive voltmeter were applied to determine resistance and capacitance parameters of a medium based on the signals received by the measuring system. The proposed method can be applied to non-homogeneous media containing both dielectric and conductive materials. The described measuring system is composed of two flat electrodes whose size can be adapted to the dimensions of the analyzed medium. A method for processing the sensing signal to determine the impedance characteristics of a medium with the use of a phase-sensitive voltmeter was described. The measuring system was modeled in Matlab/Simulink, and the results were discussed.   

scholarly journals Optical system for on line monitoring of welding: a machine learning approach for optimal set up

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Di Gasbarro ◽  
Giulio D'Emilia ◽  
Emanuela Natale
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Laser Sheet ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
P Value ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Optical Measuring ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
On Line

<p class="Abstract">In this paper a methodology is described for continuous checking of the settings of a low cost vision system for automatic geometrical measurement of welding embedded on components of complicated shape. The measurement system is based on a laser sheet. Measuring conditions and the corresponding uncertainty are analyzed by evaluating their p-value and its closeness to an optimal measurement configuration also when working conditions are changed. The method aims to check the holding of optimal measuring conditions by using a machine learning approach for the vision system: based on a such methodology single images can be used to check the settings, therefore allowing a continuous and on line monitoring of the optical measuring system capabilities.</p><p class="Abstract">According to this procedure, the optical measuring system is able to reach and to hold uncertainty levels adequate for automatic dimensional checking of welding and of defects, taking into account the effects of system hardware/software incorrect settings and environmental effects, like varying lighting conditions. The paper also studies the effects of process variability on the method for quantitative evaluation, in order to propose on line solutions for this system.</p>

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