Characterisation of compound middle lamella isolated by a combination of wet-beating, sedimentation, and methanol dialysis

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuyuki Matsushita ◽  
Taichi Fukumura ◽  
Dan Aoki ◽  
Kazuhiko Fukushima
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Nmr Analysis ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
C Nmr

Abstract A simple method was developed to isolate the compound middle lamella (CML) in its natural state using wet-beating, sedimentation, and methanol dialysis. The isolated CML fraction was characterised. The CML was isolated in 2.0% yield from the mature wood of Ginkgo biloba. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the isolated CML fraction showed the presence of flake-like structures. However, some small amounts of secondary wall substance was observed. The lignin content of the CML fraction was approximately 45%. Thioacidolysis reactions with the isolated CML fraction revealed that the lignin β-O-4 structure was scarce in the isolated fraction and that numerous structures with two or more consecutive condensed-type bonds were present. Results from the solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) experiments indicated that the CML fraction had low crystallinity, indicating low cellulose content. Liquid-state NMR analysis of the lignin from the CML fraction revealed the absence of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units.

The Effect of Varying Latewood Proportion on the Radial Distribution of Lignin Content in a Pine Stem

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 455-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Gindl
Keyword(s):  
Radial Distribution ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Juvenile Growth ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
The Difference

Summary The radial distribution of lignin content in a pine stem was compared to latewood proportion. With the exception of the innermost juvenile growth rings, a strong negative correlation was found. However, the cell-wall lignin content of low lignin growth rings was equal to that of high-lignin growth rings. Therefore, the difference in lignin content between individual growth rings was solely due to varying ratios of high-lignin compound middle lamella to low-lignin secondary wall in thin- and thick-walled tracheids.

Inhomogeneities in the Chemical Structure of Hardwood Lignins

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Önnerud ◽  
G. Gellerstedt
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Thermomechanical Pulp ◽  
Aryl Ether ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Exclusion Chromatography ◽  
The Difference

Summary Bauer-McNett fractions of an aspen chemi-thermomechanical pulp showed a significant variation with respect to lignin content and sugar composition, and two of the fractions were found to be particularly rich in middle lamella and secondary wall material, respectively. The secondary wall lignin of aspen was found to contain larger amounts of non-condensed β-O-4 aryl ether structures than the middle lamella lignin and the difference was attributed to a larger amount of syringyl structures as revealed by thioacidolysis. Size exclusion chromatography of the thioacidolysis products from birch and spruce wood showed a larger part of lignin oligomers being present in the degraded spruce lignin. Moreover, birch lignin had a lower phenolic content than both aspen and spruce lignin. Thioacidolysis followed by Raney-nickel desulphuration was used for the analysis of hardwood lignin trimers.

A Topocuemical and Semiquantitative Study of The Lignification During Ageing of Bamboo Culms (Phyllostachys Viridiglaucescens)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bieke Lybeer ◽  
Gerald Koch
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
First Year ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Ferulic Acids ◽  
Acid Esters

The lignification of Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens (Carr.) Riv. & Riv. during ageing was studied topochemically by means of UV microspectrophotometry. The study revealed that p-coumaric and ferulic acids are widely distributed in P. viridiglaucescens and that their content is dependent on the anatomicallocation and the differentiation phase. The lignin in the epidermal cell wall is deposited early in the development and does not increase with age. This is in contrast with the fibres and the ground parenchyma cells where an increasing trend in lignification during the first year is shown. The early maturing fibres of the vascular bundles reveal a maximum absorbance value at 280 nm (guaiacyl peak) whereas the late maturing fibres displaya shoulder at 310-320 nm in young culms and a guaiacyl peak in older culms. The S2 fibre wall has a lamellar structure with an increasing lignin content from the centre towards the compound middle lamella. The compound middle lamellae show higher absorbance values and are richer in p-coumaric and ferulic acid esters in comparison to the S2 wall layers. The vessel walls have a low lignin content.

scholarly journals Atmospheric Soda Pulping of Banana Stem

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5808-5812
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Pulping ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils ◽  
Soda Pulping ◽  
Banana Stem

Banana stem is one of the most explored non-wood lignocellulose due to its high cellulose content with small amount of lignin. The conventional pulping processes efficiently remove the lignin, but there is potential to reduce the energy and chemical consumptions due to the low lignin content of banana stem. In this work, soda pulping was carried out for 60-120 minutes using 16-20% w/v alkali charge at boiling temperature of 105°C. The efficiency of lignin removal at low temperature was evaluated using kappa number analysis. The effects of pulping time and alkali charge on pulp properties were investigated using fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Soda pulping using 18% w/v alkali charge at 10 liquid-to-solid ratio for 90 minutes under atmospheric pressure efficiently removed lignin with minimal cellulose degradation. Extended pulping time and concentrated alkali charge would induce cellulose degradation. FTIR analysis verified that alkaline pulping caused depolymerization on both lignin and cellulose. SEM images of banana stem showed ordered structure cellulose fibrils arrangement. Removal of lignin and hemicellulose was observed through smoother surface of the banana pulp. However, TGA analysis suggested that a better thermal stability could be achieved through pulping using 16% w/v alkali charge.

Topochemical Investigations on Delignification of Picea abies [L.] Karst. during Alkaline Sulfite (ASA) and Bisulfite Pulping by Scanning UV Microspectrophotometry

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Koch ◽  
B. Rose ◽  
R. Patt ◽  
O. Kordsachia.
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Uv Microspectrophotometry

Summary Delignification of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) during ASA (modified alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone pulping with alkali splitting) and magnesium bisulfite pulping was studied on a cellular level using scanning UV microspectrophotometry. This improved cellular analytical technique enables direct imaging of the topochemistry of lignin removal within the cell wall at different stages of cooking. The cooks were performed in a laboratory digester with forced liquor circulation. At 30 min intervals samples were taken for chemical and UV microscopic analyses. UV microscopy reveals that delignification during ASA pulping starts in the region of the pit canals and proceeds evenly across the entire S2 layer. As a specific feature of bisulfite pulping, a partial delignification of the radial compound middle lamella can be detected after 60 min of cooking. After 120 min, in both processes, the delignified cell walls show low UV absorbance values of both S2 and compound middle lamella. At this stage, approximately 90% of the initial lignin content is removed. At the end of both pulping processes, only parts of the cell corners can be distinguished by the new UV scanning technique.

Silicification of wood-cell walls

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
S. E. Keckler ◽  
D. M. Dabbs ◽  
N. Yao ◽  
I. A. Aksay
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Rich Region ◽  
Inorganic Precursors

Cellular organic structures such as wood can be used as scaffolds for the synthesis of complex structures of organic/ceramic nanocomposites. The wood cell is a fiber-reinforced resin composite of cellulose fibers in a lignin matrix. A single cell wall, containing several layers of different fiber orientations and lignin content, is separated from its neighboring wall by the middle lamella, a lignin-rich region. In order to achieve total mineralization, deposition on and in the cell wall must be achieved. Geological fossilization of wood occurs as permineralization (filling the void spaces with mineral) and petrifaction (mineralizing the cell wall as the organic component decays) through infiltration of wood with inorganics after growth. Conversely, living plants can incorporate inorganics into their cells and in some cases into the cell walls during growth. In a recent study, we mimicked geological fossilization by infiltrating inorganic precursors into wood cells in order to enhance the properties of wood. In the current work, we use electron microscopy to examine the structure of silica formed in the cell walls after infiltration of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS).

Analysis of Sound Reduction and Strong Drag Composite Concrete Fibers Gedebok Banana Results Delignification with Sodium Hydroxide Solvent (Naoh)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rouf Suprayogi ◽  
Annisa Mufida ◽  
Edwin Azwar
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Sound Intensity ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Cellulose Powder ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Normal Concrete ◽  
Sound Reduction

In composite science, desirable materials that are lighter but have the power and quality that can match or even exceed the material that has been there before. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cellulose fiber addition from banana gedebok to tensile strength, compressive strength and damping of concrete composite sound. To achieve this objective, mixing of cellulose fibers with K-275 quality concrete mix with variation of 0% and 5% substitution in which the cellulose is varied in powder and wicker form. Delignification of lignin content from banana gedebok was done by soaking and drying method without any variation and yielding powder having cellulose content of 13,0388%, hemicellulose 18,2796% and lignin 0,6684%. This study produces concrete composites that have a tensile strength and a compressive strength lower than that of normal concrete. Normally reinforced concrete tensile strength value 94.5 kg / cm2, 71.4 kg / cm2 cellulose powder concrete and 90.3 kg / cm2 cellulose woven concrete. Normal concrete compressive strength value 334,22 kg / cm2, cellulose powder concrete 215,7 kg / cm2, and cellulose webbing concrete 157,98 kg / cm2. As for the power damping sound of cellulose webbing concrete has the highest damping power compared to other concrete with the absorbed sound intensity that is 52-68 dB

Synthesis and Structure Assignment of 2-(4-Methoxybenzyl)cyclohexyl β-D-Glucopyranoside Enantiomers

2006 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 1470-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Šaman ◽  
Pavel Kratina ◽  
Jitka Moravcová ◽  
Martina Wimmerová ◽  
Zdeněk Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Data ◽  
Chiral Hplc ◽  
Nmr Analysis ◽  
Target Structure ◽  
Enantiomerically Pure ◽  
Whole Cells ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Structure Assignment ◽  
Related Compounds ◽  
C Nmr

Glucosylation of the cis- and trans-isomers of 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)cyclohexan-1-ol (1a/1b, 2a/2b, 1a or 2a) was performed to prepare the corresponding alkyl β-D-glucopyranosides, mainly to get analytical data of pure enantiomers of the glucosides (3a-6b), required for subsequent investigations of related compounds with biological activity. One of the employed modifications of the Koenigs-Knorr synthesis resulted in achieving 85-95% yields of pure β-anomers 3a/3b, 4a/4b, 3a or 4a of protected intermediates, with several promoters and toluene as solvent, yielding finally the deprotected products 5a/5b, 6a/6b, 5a or 6a as pure β-anomers. To obtain enantiomerically pure β-anomers of the target structure (3a, 4a, 5a and 6a) for unambiguous structure assignment, an enzymic reduction of 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)cyclohexan-1-one by Saccharomyces cerevisiae whole cells was performed to get (1S,2S)- and (1S,2R)-enantiomers (1a and 2a) of 2-(4-methoxybenzyl)cyclohexan-1-ol. The opposite enantiomers of alkyl β-D-glucopyranosides (5b and 6b) were obtained by separation of the diastereoisomeric mixtures 5a/5b and 6a/6b by chiral HPLC. All stereoisomers of the products (3a-6b) were subjected to a detailed 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis.

Mechanical Properties of Secondary Wall and Compound Corner Middle Lamella near the Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) Adhesive Bond Line Measured by Nanoindentation

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 1746-1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Liang ◽  
Guan Ben Du ◽  
Omid Hosseinaei ◽  
Si Qun Wang ◽  
Hui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Adhesive Bond ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Bond Line ◽  
Line Region ◽  
Penetration Behavior

To find out the penetration of PF into the wood cell wall and its effects onthe mechanical properties in the cellular level, the elastic modulus and hardness of secondary wall (S2layer) and compound corner middle lamella (CCML) near PF bond line region were determined by nanoindentation. Compare to the reference cell walls (unaffected by PF), PF penetration into the wood tissues showed improved elastic modulus and hardness. And the mechanical properties decreased slowly with the increasing the distance from the bond line, which are attributed to the effects of PF penetration into S2layer and CCML. The reduced elastic modulus variations were from18.8 to 14.4 GPa for S2layer, and from10.1 to 7.65 GPa for CCML. The hardness was from 0.67 to 0.52 GPa for S2layer, and from 0.65 to 0.52 GPa for CCML. In each test viewpoint place, the average hardness of CCML was almost as high as that of S2layer, but the reduced elastic modulus was about 50% less than that of S2layer. But the increase ratio of mechanical properties was close. All the results showed PF penetrates into the CCML. The penetration behavior and penetration depth from bond line were similar in both S2layer and CCML.

scholarly journals Involvement of CesA4, CesA7-A/B and CesA8-A/B in secondary wall formation in Populus trichocarpa wood

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manzar Abbas ◽  
Ilona Peszlen ◽  
Rui Shi ◽  
Hoon Kim ◽  
Rui Katahira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Wood Formation ◽  
Fiber Cell ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Wall Formation

Abstract Cellulose synthase A genes (CesAs) are responsible for cellulose biosynthesis in plant cell walls. In this study, functions of secondary wall cellulose synthases PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B were characterized during wood formation in Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). CesA RNAi knockdown transgenic plants exhibited stunted growth, narrow leaves, early necrosis, reduced stature, collapsed vessels, thinner fiber cell walls and extended fiber lumen diameters. In the RNAi knockdown transgenics, stems exhibited reduced mechanical strength, with reduced modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The reduced mechanical strength may be due to thinner fiber cell walls. Vessels in the xylem of the transgenics were collapsed, indicating that water transport in xylem may be affected and thus causing early necrosis in leaves. A dramatic decrease in cellulose content was observed in the RNAi knockdown transgenics. Compared with wildtype, the cellulose content was significantly decreased in the PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7 and PtrCesA8 RNAi knockdown transgenics. As a result, lignin and xylem contents were proportionally increased. The wood composition changes were confirmed by solid-state NMR, two-dimensional solution-state NMR and sum-frequency-generation vibration (SFG) analyses. Both solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and SFG analyses demonstrated that knockdown of PtrCesAs did not affect cellulose crystallinity index. Our results provided the evidence for the involvement of PtrCesA4, PtrCesA7-A/B and PtrCesA8-A/B in secondary cell wall formation in wood and demonstrated the pleiotropic effects of their perturbations on wood formation.

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