A comprehensive analysis of the relation of cellulose microfibril orientation and lignin content in the S2 layer of different tissue types of spruce wood (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Jungnikl ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Ingo Burgert
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril Orientation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
S2 Layer

Abstract A possible relation between cellulose microfibril angle and lignin content in the S2 layer was investigated by X-ray diffraction and cellular UV microspectrophotometry on spruce tissues [Picea abies] with different structural features and chemical composition. A strong correlation was not found, neither for the individual tissue types nor for the compiled data of all tissues. As the data did not confirm the findings in former studies, further examinations are necessary concerning a possible general interrelation between microfibril angle and lignin content.

Vergleichende Untersuchungen zu ausgewählten mechanischen Eigenschaften von Eibe und Fichte | Comparative studies on selected mechanical properties of yew and spruce (reviewed paper)

2005 ◽  
Vol 156 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Märki ◽  
Peter Niemz ◽  
David Mannes
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Vergleichende Untersuchungen

The wood of the yew (Taxus baccata L.) has long been known for its toughness and its strength, although only few scientifically proven reference values for the individual mechanical properties of this wood species exist. In this work selected elastomechanic properties of yew wood and were investigated and compared with those of spruce wood (Picea abies (L.) Karsten), showing values for yew which were conspicuously higher than those of spruce.

Properties of chemically and mechanically isolated fibres of spruce (Picea abies[L.] Karst.). Part 2: Twisting phenomena

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Burgert ◽  
Klaus Frühmann ◽  
Jozef Keckes ◽  
Peter Fratzl ◽  
Stefanie Stanzl-Tschegg
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Cell Wall Assembly ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Mechanical Isolation ◽  
Wall Assembly ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Lateral Cell

Abstract The twisting behaviour of chemically and mechanically isolated fibres of spruce (Picea abies[L.] Karst.) was examined. Mechanical isolation was carried out using very fine tweezers to obtain fibres with an unmodified cell wall assembly. Chemical isolation was achieved using hydrogen peroxide and glacial acetic acid, leading to partial degradation of lignin and hemicelluloses. Besides normal adult wood, compression wood and opposite wood fibres were investigated. Fibre twisting while drying increased with higher microfibril angles in the S2 layer, and was significantly less pronounced for mechanically isolated compared to chemically macerated fibres. A simple model is introduced that takes into account the interdependency between lateral cell-wall shrinkage and the microfibril angle in the S2 cell wall.

scholarly journals Significant influence of lignin on axial elastic modulus of poplar wood at low microfibril angles under wet conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (15) ◽  
pp. 4039-4047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merve Özparpucu ◽  
Notburga Gierlinger ◽  
Igor Cesarino ◽  
Ingo Burgert ◽  
Wout Boerjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Axial Stiffness ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Wood is extensively used as a construction material. Despite increasing knowledge of its mechanical properties, the contribution of the cell-wall matrix polymers to wood mechanics is still not well understood. Previous studies have shown that axial stiffness correlates with lignin content only for cellulose microfibril angles larger than around 20°, while no influence is found for smaller angles. Here, by analysing the wood of poplar with reduced lignin content due to down-regulation of CAFFEOYL SHIKIMATE ESTERASE, we show that lignin content also influences axial stiffness at smaller angles. Micro-tensile tests of the xylem revealed that axial stiffness was strongly reduced in the low-lignin transgenic lines. Strikingly, microfibril angles were around 15° for both wild-type and transgenic poplars, suggesting that cellulose orientation is not responsible for the observed changes in mechanical behavior. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the decrease in stiffness was almost completely related to the variation in both density and lignin content. We suggest that the influence of lignin content on axial stiffness may gradually increase as a function of the microfibril angle. Our results may help in building up comprehensive models of the cell wall that can unravel the individual roles of the matrix polymers.

scholarly journals Cellulose microfibril orientation of Picea abies and its variability at the micron-level determined by Raman imaging

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Gierlinger ◽  
S. Luss ◽  
C. Konig ◽  
J. Konnerth ◽  
M. Eder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril ◽  
Raman Imaging ◽  
Microfibril Orientation ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril Orientation

scholarly journals Inter-Tracheid and Cross-Field Pitting in Compression Wood and Opposite Wood of Norway Spruce (Picea abies L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asghar TARMIAN ◽  
Mohammad AZADFALLAH ◽  
Hadi GHOLAMIYAN ◽  
Mahdi SHAHVERDI
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Aperture Diameter ◽  
Opposite Wood ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
S2 Layer

Inter-tracheid and cross-filed pit specifications in compression wood and opposite wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies) were determined. Fewer pits of a smaller size and a smaller aperture diameter were observed in compression wood. In contrast to the uniseriate arrangement of bordered pit pairs in compression wood, both uniseriate and biseriate pits were observed in opposite wood. In contrast to the circular view of the pit aperture in opposite wood, a slit-like pit aperture was often observed in compression wood. SEM images showed a number of helical fissures on the tracheid walls and bordered pits of compression wood along the microfibril angle in the S2 layer. The cross-field pits in compression wood were dominantly piceoid but sometimes cupressoid and occasionally taxodioid, whereas they were mostly piceoid and occasionally cupressoid in opposite wood. Overall, some significant differences in the inter-tracheid and cross-field pitting between the compression wood and opposite wood can give some explanations for their different air permeability and drying kinetics found in the previous studies.

ANATOMY AND LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION OF “COMPRESSION-WOOD-LIKE REACTION WOOD” IN GARDENIA JASMINOIDES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Tokiko Hiraiwa ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Secondary Fibre

Anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution of ‘compression-wood-like reaction wood’ in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were investigated. Two coppiced stems of a tree were artificially inclined to form reaction wood (RW). One stem of the same tree was fixed straight as a control, and referred to as normal wood (NW). Excessive positive values of surface-released strain were measured on the underside of RW stems. Anatomical characteristics of xylem formed on the underside of RW and in NW stems were also observed. The xylem formed on the underside exhibited a lack of S3 layer in the secondary fibre walls, an increase of pit aperture angle in the S2 layer, and an increase in lignin content. Some of the anatomical characteristics observed in the underside xylem resembled compression wood in gymnosperms. These results suggest that the increase of microfibril angle in the secondary wall and an increase in lignin content in angiosperms might be common phenomena resembling compression wood of gymnosperms.

Topochemical Investigations on Delignification of Picea abies [L.] Karst. during Alkaline Sulfite (ASA) and Bisulfite Pulping by Scanning UV Microspectrophotometry

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Koch ◽  
B. Rose ◽  
R. Patt ◽  
O. Kordsachia.
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Uv Microspectrophotometry

Summary Delignification of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) during ASA (modified alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone pulping with alkali splitting) and magnesium bisulfite pulping was studied on a cellular level using scanning UV microspectrophotometry. This improved cellular analytical technique enables direct imaging of the topochemistry of lignin removal within the cell wall at different stages of cooking. The cooks were performed in a laboratory digester with forced liquor circulation. At 30 min intervals samples were taken for chemical and UV microscopic analyses. UV microscopy reveals that delignification during ASA pulping starts in the region of the pit canals and proceeds evenly across the entire S2 layer. As a specific feature of bisulfite pulping, a partial delignification of the radial compound middle lamella can be detected after 60 min of cooking. After 120 min, in both processes, the delignified cell walls show low UV absorbance values of both S2 and compound middle lamella. At this stage, approximately 90% of the initial lignin content is removed. At the end of both pulping processes, only parts of the cell corners can be distinguished by the new UV scanning technique.

scholarly journals Evaluating polymer interplay after hot water pretreatment to investigate maize stem internode recalcitrance

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amandine Leroy ◽  
Xavier Falourd ◽  
Loïc Foucat ◽  
Valérie Méchin ◽  
Fabienne Guillon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Condensed State ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Water Pretreatment ◽  
Hot Water Pretreatment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Biomass recalcitrance is governed by various molecular and structural factors but the interplay between these multiscale factors remains unclear. In this study, hot water pretreatment (HWP) was applied to maize stem internodes to highlight the impact of the ultrastructure of the polymers and their interactions on the accessibility and recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic biomass. The impact of HWP was analysed at different scales, from the polymer ultrastructure or water mobility to the cell wall organisation by combining complementary compositional, spectral and NMR analyses. Results HWP increased the kinetics and yield of saccharification. Chemical characterisation showed that HWP altered cell wall composition with a loss of hemicelluloses (up to 45% in the 40-min HWP) and of ferulic acid cross-linking associated with lignin enrichment. The lignin structure was also altered (up to 35% reduction in β–O–4 bonds), associated with slight depolymerisation/repolymerisation depending on the length of treatment. The increase in $${T}_{1\rho }^{H}$$ T 1 ρ H , $${T}_{HH}$$ T HH and specific surface area (SSA) showed that the cellulose environment was looser after pretreatment. These changes were linked to the increased accessibility of more constrained water to the cellulose in the 5–15 nm pore size range. Conclusion The loss of hemicelluloses and changes in polymer structural features caused by HWP led to reorganisation of the lignocellulose matrix. These modifications increased the SSA and redistributed the water thereby increasing the accessibility of cellulases and enhancing hydrolysis. Interestingly, lignin content did not have a negative impact on enzymatic hydrolysis but a higher lignin condensed state appeared to promote saccharification. The environment and organisation of lignin is thus more important than its concentration in explaining cellulose accessibility. Elucidating the interactions between polymers is the key to understanding LB recalcitrance and to identifying the best severity conditions to optimise HWP in sustainable biorefineries.

scholarly journals β-tubulin affects cellulose microfibril orientation in plant secondary fibre cell walls

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antanas V. Spokevicius ◽  
Simon G. Southerton ◽  
Colleen P. MacMillan ◽  
Deyou Qiu ◽  
Siming Gan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril ◽  
Fibre Cell ◽  
Microfibril Orientation ◽  
Cellulose Microfibril Orientation ◽  
Β Tubulin ◽  
Secondary Fibre

Mechanical and Structural Properties of Superhard TiAlSiN Coatings Deposited by Arc Ion Plating of Cylindrical Cathode

2014 ◽  
Vol 783-786 ◽  
pp. 1426-1431
Author(s):  
Wang Ryeol Kim ◽  
Min Chul Kwon ◽  
Jung Hoon Lee ◽  
Uoo Chang Jung ◽  
Won Sub Chung
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Nitrogen Pressure ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ion Plating ◽  
Arc Current ◽  
Cathode Arc ◽  
Cathodic Arc ◽  
Tialsin Coating

TiAlSiN coatings were deposited on WC-Co metal by using a cathodic arc ion deposition method of cylindrical cathode. We used Ti / Al (50 / 50 at.%) arc target and silicon sputter target. The influence of the nitrogen pressure, TiAl cathode arc current, bias voltage, and deposition temperature on the mechanical and the structural properties of the films were investigated. The structural features of the films were investigation in detail using X-ray diffraction. And coatings were characterized by means of FE-SEM, nanoindentation, Scratch tester, Tribology tester, XRD and XPS. The hardness of the film reached 43 GPa at the cathode arc current of 230 A and decreased with a further increase of the arc current. And the adhesion of the film reached 34 N. The results showed that the TiAlSiN coating exhibited an excellent mechanical properties which application for tools and molds.

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