Time-domain dynamics of reverse saturable absorbers with application to plasmon-enhanced optical limiters

AbstractAn advanced full-wave time-domain numerical model for reverse saturable absorption (RSA) is presented and verified. Rate equations describing atomic relaxations and excitation dynamics are coupled to the Maxwell equations by using a Lorentzian oscillator, which models the kinetics-dependent light–matter interactions. The presented novel technique provides a versatile multiphysics framework for designing complex structures and integrating diverse material models that were not previously possible. The multiphysics framework allows capturing the behavior of the RSA materials embedded in artificial photonic nanostructures that cannot be analyzed with established techniques such as the Beer–Lambert law. To showcase the importance of the full-wave RSA analysis coupled to carrier kinetics, we analyze two plasmon-enhanced optical limiters: a metal grating and a Fabry–Perot cavity-like structure where we decrease the unenhanced limiter threshold by a factor of 3 and 13, respectively. This is a promising approach for developing RSA devices operating at reduced illumination levels and thereby significantly expanding their area of applicability to areas such as protective eyewear and automatically dimmed windows. By exploring the dynamic behavior of a given RSA system, this framework will provide critical insights into the design of transformative photonic devices and their complementary optical characterization, and serve as an invaluable utility for guiding the development of synthetic absorbing materials. We believe that our multiphysics models are crucial enabling tools that lay a necessary foundation for the numerical machinery required for the realization and optimization of optical limiting and all-optical switching systems.

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Increasing the triplet lifetime and extending the ground-state absorption of biscyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes for reverse saturable absorption and photodynamic therapy applications

Dalton Transactions ◽

10.1039/c6dt02416e ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (41) ◽

pp. 16366-16378 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

Chengzhe Wang ◽

Levi Lystrom ◽

Huimin Yin ◽

Marc Hetu ◽

Svetlana Kilina ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Ground State ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

Ground State Absorption ◽

Saturable Absorbers ◽

Triplet Lifetime

Tuning the photophysics of cationic Ir(iii) complexes via π-expansive ligands dramatically impacts their applications as broadband reverse saturable absorbers and in photodynamic therapy and theranostics.

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Dynamics of reverse saturable absorption and all-optical switching in C_60

Journal of the Optical Society of America B ◽

10.1364/josab.11.001356 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1356 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Chunfei Li ◽

Lei Zhang ◽

Ruibo Wang ◽

Yinling Song ◽

Yuxiao Wang

Keyword(s):

Optical Switching ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

All Optical ◽

All Optical Switching

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Nonlinear absorption in tetrathia[22]porphyrin(2.1.2.1)s: visualizing strong reverse saturable absorption at non-resonant excitation

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra22861a ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (27) ◽

pp. 22659-22663 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Kamaljit Singh ◽

Shafali Arora ◽

Krishnandu Makhal ◽

Paramjit Kaur ◽

Debabrata Goswami

Keyword(s):

Nonlinear Absorption ◽

Potential Application ◽

Optically Active ◽

Resonant Excitation ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Optical Limiters ◽

The Family ◽

New Entry

meso-Substituted neutral, aromatic tetrathia[22]porphyrin(2.1.2.1)s represent a new entry in the family of nonlinear optically active porphyrins. The low fluence threshold values of these porphyrins endorse potential application as optical limiters.

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Synthesis of New Multifunctional Polymers inCorporating BIS-(Diphenylamino)Diphenylpolyene Moieties

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-488-283 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 488 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. W. Spangler ◽

T. Faircloth ◽

E. H. Elandaloussi ◽

B. Reeves

Keyword(s):

Photon Absorption ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

New Materials ◽

Double Bonds ◽

Model Compounds ◽

Optical Limiters ◽

Oxidative Doping ◽

Multifunctional Polymers

AbstractA series of bis-(diphenylamino)diphenylpolyenes containing up to eight double bonds has been synthesized, both as parent model compounds, and functionalized for attachment as pendant chromophores. Oxidative doping of these new materials yields exceptionally stable bipolaronlike dications, even at the triene level. These new materials show promise as bimechanistic optical limiters by reverse saturable absorption and by 2-photon absorption.

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Materials for Reverse Saturable Absorption Optical Limiters

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-374-201 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 374 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

James S. Shirk ◽

Richard G. S. Pong ◽

Steven R. Flom ◽

Michael E. Boyle ◽

Arthur W. Snow

Keyword(s):

Molecular Structure ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Optical Properties ◽

Nonlinear Absorption ◽

Nonlinear Optical ◽

Optical Systems ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

Spectral Window ◽

Optical Limiters

AbstractSystematic studies of the nonlinear optical properties of metallo-organic materials have led to the development of promising new phthalocyanine materials for optical limiting. Several heavy metal substituted phthalocyanines exhibit a strong nonlinear absorption that is useful for optical limiters in the visible. In fast optical systems, other mechanisms, such as the thermal refraction, contribute to the limiting. The spectral window for limiting can by modified by altering the molecular structure.

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Investigation on optical switching behaviour of regenerated and non-regenerated silk by nanosecond Z-scan technique

Physica Scripta ◽

10.1088/1402-4896/ac4193 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gowtham G K ◽

Thejas G Urs ◽

Raghavendra S ◽

D Mahadevaiah ◽

H Somashekarappa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Switching ◽

Optical Limiting ◽

Natural Fibre ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

Optical Parameters ◽

Limiting Behaviour ◽

Insight Into ◽

Fibre Form

Abstract The nonlinear optical behaviour of silk, a natural fibre, is investigated in this study. We have considered silk in the cocoon, fibre and film forms of bivoltine and multivoltine breeds. The nonlinear absorption and optical limiting studies were performed using the open aperture Z-scan technique at 1064nm. Interestingly, silk in cocoon and fibre form possess saturable absorption (SA), whereas silk in the film form exhibits reverse saturable absorption (RSA). This shift is attributed to the removal of sericin during the regeneration of silk into a film. Further, silk films exhibit optical limiting behaviour, whose limiting thresholds are in the order of 1012 W/cm2. Functional data analysis (FDA), a statistical approach, is employed to draw correlations amongst physical parameters. FDA offers good insight into the dependencies between silk varieties and their optical parameters. This helps in identifying the sample possessing the best properties.

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Ultrafast third order nonlinear optical properties of water soluble zinc-octacarboxy-phthalocyanine

Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines ◽

10.1142/s108842461250040x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 16 (09) ◽

pp. 1015-1023 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M. Bala Murali Krishna ◽

L. Giribabu ◽

D. Narayana Rao

Keyword(s):

Optical Switching ◽

Nonlinear Optical ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Photon Absorption ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

Third Order ◽

Two Photon Absorption ◽

Time Domains ◽

Soluble Zinc

Synthesis and measurements of third order nonlinear optical (NLO) coefficients of water soluble zinc octacarboxy phthalocyanine (ZnOCPc) are reported here using different laser pulse durations. Nonlinear absorption and refraction behaviour in the nanosecond (ns), picosecond (ps) and femtosecond (fs) time domains were studied in detail. Three-photon absorption was the prevalent mechanism with femtosecond laser excitation whereas strong reverse saturable absorption due to dominant two-photon absorption (TPA) was observed with picosecond and nanosecond excitations. We have evaluated the sign and magnitude of the third order nonlinearity in fs, ps, and ns regimes. We observed large off-resonant second order hyperpolarizability (γ) with ultrafast nonlinear optical response in the femtosecond domain using degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) technique. We also report the optical limiting characteristics and figure of merit (FOM) of ZnOCPc for optical switching.

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The Broadband Nonlinear Optical Response in Graphene/MoS2/Ag Thin Films at Near Infrared

Frontiers in Materials ◽

10.3389/fmats.2021.717760 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Di Sun ◽

Yu Fang ◽

Xiaoyan Yan ◽

Wen Shan ◽

Wenjun Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Optical Properties ◽

Magnetron Sputtering ◽

Optical Switching ◽

Nonlinear Optical ◽

Nonlinear Refraction ◽

Photon Absorption ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

Free Carrier Absorption

Graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films were successfully prepared by the magnetron sputtering technique and liquid phase exfoliation. Structure, morphology, optical properties, and nonlinear optical characteristics of the graphene/MoS2/Ag and graphene/MoS2 thin films were studied by X-ray diffractometer, spectrophotometer, field-scanning electron microscope, and femtosecond (fs) Z-scan technique. The results of the fs Z-scan experiment indicate that the graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films exhibit reverse saturable absorption properties due to the free carrier absorption and two-photon absorption. More importantly, with the increase of DC magnetron sputtering power (from 5 to 15 W), the local surface plasmon resonance effect of the Ag thin films increases, which leads to the enhancement of nonlinear optical properties of the graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films. The nonlinear absorption coefficients of the graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films are increased from 1.14 × 10–10 to 1.8 × 10–10 m/W at 800 nm and from 4.79 × 10–11 to 6.79 × 10–11 m/W at 1,030 nm, and the nonlinear refraction index of the graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films is -4.37 × 10–17∼−4.18 × 10–16 m2/W under the excitation of 800 and 1,030 nm, respectively. Moreover, when the graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films were excited at 800 and 1,030 nm, respectively, the nonlinear figure of merit values of the graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films are increased from 1.23 to 2.91 and from 1.30 to 1.47, which are enough to support the application of the graphene/MoS2/Ag thin films in the field of all-optical switching applications.

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BROADBAND OPTICAL LIMITING USING TANDEM FILTERS WITH MULTIPHOTON ABSORBER AND REVERSE SATURABLE ABSORBERS

Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials ◽

10.1142/s0218863500000340 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 09 (04) ◽

pp. 523-530 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. FENEYROU

Keyword(s):

Optical Power ◽

Optical Limiting ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Saturable Absorption ◽

Reverse Saturable Absorption ◽

Nonlinear Transmission ◽

Saturable Absorbers ◽

Transient Spectroscopy ◽

Limiting Efficiency ◽

Optical Power Limiting

We report experimental results on a tin phthalocyanine: the nanosecond transient spectroscopy shows a reverse saturable absorption between 490–530 nm and 550–700 nm and the nonlinear transmission provides a better optical power limiting efficiency from 570 nm to 700 nm compared to C 60. This molecule is then combined in a tandem filter with a multiphoton absorber and a mixture of reverse saturable absorbers to achieve neutral-color broadband protection against ns pulses: the transmitted energy is clamped below 2 μ J throughout the visible.

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