SERUM LEVELS OF TESTICULAR AND ADRENAL STEROIDS AFTER DEXAMETHASONE AND HCG-ADMINISTRATION IN THE LABORATORY-MAINTAINED RHESUS MONKEY

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the endocrine testicular and adrenal function of rhesus monkeys in vivo, and to compare this with the human situation, the effect of dexamethasone (Dxm), HCG and combined Dxm/HCG administration on the steroid levels was investigated in 8 adult male rhesus monkeys in November/December (= season of high testicular activity). Serum levels of cortisol, testosterone (T), androstenedione (A), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), oestradiol (Oe2), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and its sulphate (DHA-S) were measured radioimmunologically. Basal T and DHA serum levels were similar to those found in man, whilst A levels amounted to 1/10 and DHA-S to 1/30 of human values. Oe2 and 17-OHP levels were higher than in man. T and A levels were not suppressed by Dxm and very high degrees of stimulation were reached after HCG. The HCG-induced increment in T was smaller under Dxm/HCG than under HCG alone. 17-OHP levels were reduced to 25% of basal levels under Dxm, but the incremental response to Dxm/HCG was the same as that without Dxm. DHA and DHA-S were 60 and 75% lower under Dxm, and the increment in DHA after Dxm/HCG was less than that after HCG. DHA-S did not respond to HCG. In conclusion, several important differences in basal steroid levels and in the response to dynamic testing were found in the rhesus monkey, as compared to man. The adrenal contributes 75% to circulating 17-OHP levels, and 60 and 75% respectively to DHA and DHA-S levels. A is produced solely by the testis in the rhesus monkey. As compared to man, the rhesus monkey testis in vivo synthesises T via both the Δ4 and Δ5 pathways. The Δ5 pathway appears to be dependent on adrenal steroid precursors.

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Pituitary response to LRH and TRH stimulation and peripheral steroid hormones in conscious and anaesthetized adult male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0930287 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 93 (3) ◽

pp. 287-293 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

E. Jean Wickings ◽

E. Nieschlag

Keyword(s):

Adult Male ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Serum Testosterone ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Serum Cortisol ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Similar Response ◽

Response Curves ◽

Male Rhesus

Abstract. Adult male rhesus monkeys are aggressive animals and very difficult to handle. Hence experimental manipulations necessarily involve the use of restraint procedures, either chemical or physical, which may influence endocrine functions. Therefore, the effects of ketamine anaesthesia on basal hormone levels and on the pituitary response to LRH and TRH were investigated in 4 adult male rhesus monkeys. Values were compared to those obtained from the same animals restrained in primate chairs for approximately 48 h, a procedure to which they had been accustomed to over the preceding 6 months. Serum cortisol levels under anaesthesia were at all times lower than in conscious monkeys, but increased after 2 h to values twice as high as measured initially. Serum testosterone concentrations were not significantly different on the two occasions, but levels under anaesthesia were slightly higher initially than in the conscious monkeys, and decreased gradually over the 3 h test period. Initial prolactin levels were lower in the anaesthetized monkeys, and increased 2–3-fold after 90 min; values at 3 h were not significantly different from those in conscious monkeys. Intravenous TRH elicited a similar response in prolactin on both occasions, maximum values occurring after 15–30 min and returning to basal levels after 3 h. The maximum values attained and the area under the response curves were higher under anaesthesia. LRH stimulation resulted in a 15- and 30-fold increase in serum levels of biologically active LH, with and without anaesthesia, respectively. Basal levels were not significantly different on the two occasions. The area under the LH response curve was higher in 3 of the 4 monkeys without anaesthesia. The extent to which results in conscious monkeys are affected by stress is difficult to assess. Since neither handling technique allows for the collection of 'true' basal data, it is paramount to standardize and define the conditions under which experiments, and even routine blood sampling, are performed in male rhesus monkeys.

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Serum levels of dihydrotestosterone in male rhesus monkeys estimated by a non-chromatographic radioimmunoassay method

Journal of Steroid Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/0022-4731(81)90236-3 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 877-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

V. Puri ◽

C.P. Puri ◽

T.C.Anand Kumar

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Radioimmunoassay Method ◽

Male Rhesus

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ANNUAL RHYTHMS OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE, FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE, PROLACTIN AND TESTOSTERONE IN THE SERUM OF MALE RHESUS MONKEYS

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0830131 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 131-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

W. BECK ◽

W. WUTTKE

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Serum Testosterone ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Serum Prolactin ◽

First Year ◽

Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽

Testosterone Levels ◽

Serum Lh ◽

June July ◽

Male Rhesus

Six male rhesus monkeys were kept under rigidly controlled conditions for 1–2 years. During August of the first year a thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) test was performed on each of the monkeys by giving 10 μg TRH as a bolus injection. Significantly increased serum prolactin levels occurred 15 min after the injection. After a training period of 2 months, during which blood samples were collected every other day by puncture of the saphenous vein, blood was collected three times a week for 14 months. Serum levels of prolactin, LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Mean serum prolactin levels increased significantly during June, July and August in all six animals. Peak levels were observed in August and September and then levels declined gradually to reach a minimum in April and May. Mean serum testosterone levels closely paralleled the annual pattern of prolactin. Mean serum LH levels significantly decreased during the time when mean serum prolactin and testosterone levels were increasing and they increased again at the time of decreasing mean prolactin levels, i.e. mean serum LH and prolactin were negatively correlated. In individual monkeys, however, a rigid negative correlation between serum prolactin and LH could not be demonstrated. Mean serum FSH levels did not change significantly.

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Comparison of the In Vivo Distribution of Four Different Annexin A5 Adducts in Rhesus Monkeys

International Journal of Molecular Imaging ◽

10.1155/2011/405840 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul McQuade ◽

Marie-Jose Belanger ◽

Xiangjun Meng ◽

Ilonka Guenther ◽

Stephen Krause ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkey ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Annexin A5 ◽

Apoptotic Cells ◽

Blood Clearance ◽

Tetraacetic Acid ◽

Site Specific ◽

In Vivo Distribution ◽

Kidney Liver

Annexin A5 has been used for the detection of apoptotic cells, due to its ability to bind to phosphatidylserine (PS). Four different labeled Annexin A5 adducts were evaluated in rhesus monkey, with radiolabeling achieved via 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Of these adducts differing conjugation methods were employed which resulted in nonspecific radiolabeling (AxA5-I), or site-specific radiolabeling (AxA5-II). A nonbinding variant of Annexin A5 was also evaluated (AxA5-IINBV ), conjugation here was site specific. The fourth adduct examined had both specific and nonspecific conjugation techniques employed (AxA5-IImDOTA ). Blood clearance for each adduct was comparable, while appreciable uptake was observed in kidney, liver, and spleen. Significant differences in uptake of AxA5-I and AxA5-II were observed, as well as between AxA5-II and AxA5-IINBV . No difference between AxA5-II and AxA5-IImDOTA was observed, suggesting that conjugating DOTA nonspecifically did not affect the in vivo biodistribution of Annexin A5.

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Sex Steroids, Precursors, and Metabolite Deficiencies in Men With Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Panhypopituitarism: A GCMS-Based Comparative Study

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2014-2658 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. E292-E296 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Frank Giton ◽

Séverine Trabado ◽

Luigi Maione ◽

Julie Sarfati ◽

Yves Le Bouc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Steroids ◽

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽

Kallmann Syndrome ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Adrenal Steroid ◽

Estrone Sulfate ◽

Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽

17 Hydroxyprogesterone

Abstract Context: Both testicular and adrenal steroid secretions are impaired in men with panhypopituitarism (Hypo-Pit), whereas only testicular steroid secretion is impaired in men with isolated gonadotropin deficiency (IHH) caused by normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism or Kallmann syndrome. Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the serum levels of sex steroids, precursors, and metabolites between men with complete IHH and those with Hypo-Pit. Patients: We studied 42 healthy men, 16 untreated men with IHH (normosmic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism/Kallmann syndrome) and 23 men with Hypo-Pit (14 with craniopharyngioma, 9 with congenital hypopituitarism) receiving hydrocortisone, thyroxine, and GH replacement therapy but not T. Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to measure the serum levels of sex steroids [T, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol (E2)], their precursors (pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenediol, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione), and their metabolites (androsterone, estrone, and estrone sulfate) as well as pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate esters. Results: All the above-mentioned steroids, and notably T, DHT, and E2, were significantly lower in IHH patients than in controls but remained well above the detection limit of the relevant assays. In Hypo-Pit men, all these steroids were dramatically and significantly lower than in IHH. Interestingly, T, DHT, and E2, as well as pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate esters, were undetectable or barely detectable in the Hypo-Pit men. Conclusions: Steroid deficiencies are marked but partial in men with complete IHH. In contrast, men with Hypo-Pit have a very severe overall steroid deficiency. These deficiencies could affect health and quality of life.

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Serum levels of testosterone, cortisol, prolactin and bioactive luteinizing hormone in adult male rhesus monkeys following cage-restraint or anaesthetizing with ketamine hydrochloride

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0970118 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 118-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

C. P. Puri ◽

V. Puri ◽

T. C. Anand Kumar

Keyword(s):

Luteinizing Hormone ◽

Adult Male ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Experimental Procedure ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Ketamine Hydrochloride ◽

Circulating Levels ◽

Male Rhesus

Abstract. The present studies were carried out to characterize and compare the acute effects of cage-restraint or administration of a mild anaesthetic on serum levels of testosterone (T) cortisol (C), prolactin (Prl) and bioactive luteinizing hormone (LH) in adult male rhesus monkeys. Serum T levels declined progressively while C levels increased in the 3 sequential blood samples obtained at 20 min intervals from restrained monkeys. Prl and LH levels in the serum remained unaltered. Following single or multiple injections of ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) serum T levels did not decline progressively as seen in the blood samples obtained from the cage-restrained, conscious monkeys. Serum C and Prl levels showed a progressive rise following anaesthetization. LH levels were not affected by the anaesthetic. The findings reported here are of pertinent relevance to the evaluation of acute effects of any experimental procedure aimed at altering circulating levels of the hormones studied.

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STEROIDS IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID OF THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0730355 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 73 (2) ◽

pp. 355-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. R. G. CHALLIS ◽

PHILLIDA HARTLEY ◽

P. JOHNSON ◽

J. E. PATRICK ◽

J. S. ROBINSON ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkey ◽

Amniotic Fluid ◽

Macaca Mulatta ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Plasma Cortisol ◽

Late Pregnancy ◽

Maternal Plasma ◽

Steroid Secretion ◽

Adrenal Steroid ◽

Oestrone Sulphate

SUMMARY Representative C21, C19 and C18 steroids have been measured in the amniotic fluid and maternal femoral plasma of rhesus monkeys during the last 50 days of pregnancy. The concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, androstenedione, oestrone and oestrone sulphate all increased in amniotic fluid before spontaneous parturition. In contrast, amniotic fluid oestradiol levels remained low and unchanged, and were always less than the concentrations in the maternal plasma. The changes in progesterone, cortisol and oestrone concentrations in amniotic fluid occurred independently of significant changes in the concentration of these steroids in the maternal plasma. Betamethasone administered to monkeys after day 150 of pregnancy suppressed amniotic fluid and maternal plasma cortisol. This treatment markedly suppressed the concentration of progesterone in amniotic fluid, but did not alter its concentration in maternal plasma. It is concluded that during late pregnancy in the rhesus monkey there is an increase in the concentration of some steroids in amniotic fluid independent of alterations in their concentrations in maternal plasma. These changes could reflect an increase in foetal adrenal steroid secretion.

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Two Plasmodium knowlesi-specific antigens on the surface of schizont-infected Rhesus monkey erythrocytes induce antibody production in immune hosts.

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.150.1.86 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 150 (1) ◽

pp. 86-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

R Schmidt-Ullrich ◽

D F Wallach ◽

J Lightholder

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkey ◽

Antibody Production ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Infected Cells ◽

Specific Antigens ◽

Different Strains ◽

Triton X ◽

Induce Antibody

Purified schizonts (6--10 nuclei) and membranes of schizont-infected erythrocytes from the Malaysian and Philippine strain of Plasmodium knowlesi are analyzed immunochemically using immunoglobulin of rhesus monkey hyperimmune sera against schizonts and of sera from naturally immune monkeys. The anti-schizont Ig identifies less than 20 immune components in Triton X-100-solubilized schizonts and membranes of infected cells. Of these antigens, 9 (component 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, and 20) are common to parasites and membranes of infected erythrocytes, and 12 (2A,B, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13p, 14, 16A,B, 19 A,Bp, 21, 22p, and 23) are predominantly found in the parasite; 4 components (13i, 19A,Bi, 22A, B, and 24) are unique to the membrane of infected erythrocytes. Only three parasite-specific components (1, 13, and 19) are exposed on the surface of parasitized erythrocytes as revealed by both lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination and extensive absorption of anti-schizont Ig using intact infected erythrocytes. Two plasmodium-specific antigens (1 and 13) on the surface of infected erythrocytes are recognized by sera of rhesus monkeys rendered naturally immune against P. knowlesi infections and, therefore, represent antigens in vivo. Analyses of schizonts and membranes of parasitized erythrocytes of the two different strains of P. knowlesi yields only some minor quantitative, but no qualitative differences when analyzed with both types of antisera. Importantly, components 1 and 13 appear identical in both strains.

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Experimentally Induced Alterations in Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen. II. In Vivo Effect of Inosine, Pyruvate, and Phosphate on Oxygen-Hemoglobin Affinity in Rhesus Monkey

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v39.4.525.525 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 525-529 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Harvey J. Sugerman ◽

Thomas W. Pollock ◽

Ernest F. Rosato ◽

Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos ◽

Leonard D. Miller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rhesus Monkey ◽

Intravenous Administration ◽

Oxygen Delivery ◽

Rhesus Monkeys ◽

Isotonic Saline ◽

Oxygen Affinity ◽

Red Cell ◽

Phosphate Control ◽

Experimentally Induced

Abstract In an attempt to produce in vivo alterations in the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen by pharmacologic means, rhesus monkeys were infused with 20 ml/kg of a 0.1 M solution of inosine, pyruvate, and bisodium phosphate. Control monkeys received equal volumes of isotonic saline. The monkeys given the inosine-pyruvate-phosphate mixture demonstrated a mean rise in P50 from 33.5 to 36.1 mm Hg and an increase in mean red cell 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate levels from 5.1 to 7.6 µmoles/ml RBC. The changes were maximal 6 hr postinfusion, remained elevated for 24 hr, and then gradually returned to normal over a 4-day period. Inosine alone, or pyruvate and phosphate together failed to produce the same results. This finding indicates that intravenous administration of inosine, pyruvate and phosphate can alter oxygen affinity in vivo and may be of value in diseases associated with poor oxygen delivery to tissues.

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